{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:31:43Z","timestamp":1791919903770,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007119","name":"Yasuj University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["95-01-01-12998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95-01-01-12998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007119","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among HIV-positive patients and healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was carried out on HIV-positive patients and healthy individuals in Southwest Iran. Five millilitres of venous blood samples were collected aseptically from each individual. Sera and buffy coats were isolated from each sample and evaluated for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies and T. gondii DNA using ELISA kit and real-time PCR, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18 software.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 64 AIDS\/HIV-positive patients, six (9.3%, 95% CI 7.2 to 11.3%) were seropositive for only IgG and five (7.8%, 95% CI 6.0 to 9.5%) were seropositive for both IgG and IgM. Moreover, among 64 healthy controls, 10 (15.6%, 95% CI 12.1 to 19.0%) were seropositive for only IgG and 2 (3.1%, 95% CI 2.4 to 3.7%) were seropositive for both IgG and IgM. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in six samples (9.3%, 95% CI 7.2 to 11.3%) in the AIDS\/HIV-positive patients group and eight samples (5.95%, 95% CI 4.6 to 7.2%) in the control group using real-time PCR. Consumption of undercooked meat was documented as an associated risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity in AIDS patients (OR 4.06, 95% CI 0.966 to 17.09; p=0.045).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings showed a lower prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in AIDS\/HIV-positive patients vs healthy controls; however, a considerable number of AIDS\/HIV-positive patients were also seen to be at risk of toxoplasmosis. Based on the findings, screening and prophylaxis for toxoplasmosis should be implemented for all AIDS\/HIV-positive patients in Southwest Iran.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trac016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T12:38:51Z","timestamp":1644410331000},"page":"930-934","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seroprevalence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> infection among HIV-positive patients in Southwest Iran and associated risk factors: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Gordafarin","family":"Nikbakht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Behrouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mousavizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahman","family":"Pourabbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadegh","family":"Nouripour-Sisakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2170-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasir","family":"Arefkhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022100209503365400_bib1","volume-title":"Global HIV & AIDS statistics \u2014 2020 fact sheet","author":"The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022100209503365400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304001-00012","article-title":"Overview on the incidence and the characteristics of HIV-related opportunistic infections and neoplasms of the heart: impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Bruno","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"19","key":"2022100209503365400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005113421907","article-title":"Prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"342","author":"Kovacs","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022100209503365400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1086\/367655","article-title":"Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"36","author":"Holmes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022100209503365400_bib5","first-page":"e66521","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: the prevalence and risk factors in HIV-infected patients in Fars province, southern Iran","volume":"20","author":"Arefkhah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Red Crescent Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100209503365400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100209503365400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.01.007","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among cancer and hemodialysis patients in Southwest Iran","volume":"7","author":"Arefkhah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Global Health"},{"key":"2022100209503365400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101342","article-title":"Molecular genotyping and serological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in mothers and their spontaneous aborted fetuses in Southwest of Iran","volume":"66","author":"Arefkhah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022100209503365400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.07.006","article-title":"Seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"105","author":"Rebou\u00e7as","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022100209503365400_bib10","first-page":"2034","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence and burden of latent and acute toxoplasmosis in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume-title":"Parasit Vector","author":"Rostami","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100209503365400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-146","article-title":"Toxoplasma encephalitis in HIV\/AIDS patients admitted to the Douala general hospital between 2004 and 2009: a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Luma","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100209503365400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.05.006","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prevention and treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"127","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100209503365400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30005-X","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-infected people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022100209503365400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4796","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ahmadpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Developing Countries"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100209503365400_bib15","first-page":"474","article-title":"Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii in HIV positive patients from West of Iran by ELISA and PCR","volume":"9","author":"Rostami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022100209503365400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.05.015","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Iranian general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Daryani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022100209503365400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.01.008","article-title":"Global prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022100209503365400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104549","article-title":"The prevalence of latent and acute toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Shiadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022100209503365400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007807","article-title":"Acute toxoplasma infection in pregnant women worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Rostami","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100209503365400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1432-6","article-title":"Impact of environmental factors on the emergence, transmission and distribution of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vector"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100209503365400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.09.010","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: serological recognition of reinfection","volume":"112","author":"Dzitko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100209503365400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1111-3","article-title":"Advances in serological, imaging techniques and molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"46","author":"Rostami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100209503365400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002424","article-title":"Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in people living with HIV","volume":"34","author":"Safarpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022100209503365400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)60933-1","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3+ 874A\/T polymorphism associated with Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity in HIV patients","volume":"5","author":"Haryati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022100209503365400_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection (toxoplasmosis) among HIV seropositive pregnant women in a tertiary healthcare centre, Kano, Northern Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Yusuf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/116\/10\/930\/46287118\/trac016.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/116\/10\/930\/46287118\/trac016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T09:58:04Z","timestamp":1664704684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/116\/10\/930\/6547702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trac016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]}}}