{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:37:31Z","timestamp":1753886251730,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104079\/Z\/14\/Z","205126\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104079\/Z\/14\/Z","205126\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000374","name":"BMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013","2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013","2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000295","name":"Epilepsy Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.13039\/501100000295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.13039\/501100000295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000295","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000592","name":"US-UK Fulbright Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015250","name":"National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oxford and Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centres"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000374","name":"British Medical Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011950","name":"BMA Foundation for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The importance of autoimmune encephalitis and its overlap with infectious encephalitides are not well investigated in South-East Asia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report autoantibody testing, using antigen-specific live cell-based assays, in a series of 134 patients (cerebrospinal fluid and sera) and 55 blood donor controls (sera), undergoing lumbar puncture for suspected meningoencephalitis admitted in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eight of 134 (6%) patients showed detectable serum neuronal autoantibodies, against the N-methyl-D-aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors (NMDAR and GABAAR), and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2). Three of eight patients had accompanying autoantibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (two with NMDAR and one with GABAAR antibodies), and in two of these the clinical syndromes were typical of autoimmune encephalitis. Three of the other five patients had proven central nervous system infections, highlighting a complex overlap between diverse infectious and autoimmune causes of encephalitis. No patients in this cohort were treated with immunotherapy, and the outcomes were poor, with improvement observed in a single patient.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Lao PDR, autoimmune encephalitis is underdiagnosed and has a poor prognosis. Empiric immunotherapy should be considered after treatable infectious aetiologies are considered unlikely. Awareness and diagnostic testing resources for autoimmune encephalitis should be enhanced in South-East Asia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trac023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T04:12:45Z","timestamp":1646971965000},"page":"959-965","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Detection and significance of neuronal autoantibodies in patients with meningoencephalitis in Vientiane, Lao PDR"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Christopher E","family":"Uy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Oxford University Hospitals , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayfong","family":"Mayxay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Research Unit OX3 7JX (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, New Richards Building, Oxford University , Oxford OX3 7LG, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford OX3 9DU, 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