{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T18:10:42Z","timestamp":1749233442207},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Noma is a debilitating orofacial necrotizing bacterial disease that disproportionately affects impoverished malnourished persons, particularly young children, the vast majority of whom live in tropical and subtropical areas in sub-Saharan Africa. It has a very high mortality rate; causes significant physical and psychological morbidity, stigmatization and social discrimination; could be prevented, controlled and indeed eliminated by common public health interventions; and is overlooked with regard to public health awareness, in-depth scientific research activities and allocation of funding for prevention, treatment and research.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>According to the WHO, noma comprises five sequential \u2018stages\u2019: (1) necrotizing gingivitis, (2) edema, (3) gangrene, (4) scarring and (5) sequelae. This WHO staging of noma is contentious, leading to diagnostic confusion with misestimation of the number of noma cases reported in epidemiological studies. We therefore suggest a simpler, more practical and scientifically valid two-stage classification comprising only (1) acute noma and (2) arrested noma.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Noma meets all the WHO criteria for classification as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). Most survivors of noma live with gross physical disfigurement and disability, and with impaired psychosocial functioning, so they are very often stigmatized and unjustifiably discriminated against. Owing to the paucity of evidence-based epidemiological data on noma, the relatively low number of people affected worldwide, and its apparently limited geographic distribution, noma does not yet feature on the WHO's list of NTDs, or on any global health agenda, and thus has not become a health priority for global action. We strongly support the inclusion of noma within the WHO list of NTDs. Without doubt this will increase the awareness of noma among healthcare providers and promote the systematic international accumulation and recording of data about noma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trac043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T11:15:58Z","timestamp":1649934958000},"page":"884-888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Is noma a neglected\/overlooked tropical disease?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Liviu","family":"Feller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of periodontics and Oral Medicine , Corner Dr Savage and Steve Biko Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Lemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razia Abdool Gafaar","family":"Khammissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, 0001 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2022100209503926300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2009.02.008","article-title":"Neglected tropical disease vaccines","volume":"37","author":"Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100209503926300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0630-9","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: an effective global response to local poverty-related disease 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