{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:25:58Z","timestamp":1781151958381,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004688","name":"Universidad del Zulia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transmission dynamics of Cyclospora cayetanensis in endemic areas and the factors associated with soil contamination remain unclear. The effects of environmental factors on Cyclospora have been insufficiently studied, particularly in South America, thus a Venezuelan community was studied to profile risk factors for infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional stool survey of 732 individuals was conducted. For Cyclospora screening, an acid-fast-stained smear of formalin\u2013ethyl acetate concentrate and ultraviolet (UV) epifluorescence examination of a wet mount were used. Water (n=14), soil (n=50) and produce (n=77) samples were collected, processed and examined by UV epifluorescence. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cyclospora infections were identified in 73 (9.9%) subjects. Variables associated with the infection were age \u226410\u00a0y (odds ratio [OR] 14), hut living (OR 5), well water use (OR 18.5), drinking untreated water (OR 7.6), toilet absence (OR 8), having contact with faeces-contaminated soil (OR 4) and poultry exposure (OR 3). Infections (63%) were clustered in 25 huts. Oocysts were identified in 28.6%, 18% and 3.9% of the water, soil and produce samples, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There was an explicit association of Cyclospora infection with extreme poverty and soil transmission reflecting the household socio-economic correlate of cyclosporiasis in this community.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trac070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T13:49:50Z","timestamp":1658929790000},"page":"83-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Factors associated with <i>Cyclospora<\/i> infection in a Venezuelan community: extreme poverty and soil transmission relate to cyclosporiasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Leonor","family":"Chacin-Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad del Zulia , Apartado Postal 23 Maracaibo 4001-A , Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulaicy","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Previsi\u00f3n y Asistencia Social del Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Laboratorio de Citolog\u00eda. Avenida Cecilio Acosta , Maracaibo 4005 , Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Clinicas, Universidad del Zulia , Apartado Postal 23 Maracaibo 4001-A, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023020109510789900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.04.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review focusing in endemic areas","volume":"115","author":"Chacin-Bonilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2023020109510789900_bib2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cyclospora cayetanensis","author":"Chacin-Bonilla","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023020109510789900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1086\/314051","article-title":"Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s","volume":"31","author":"Herwaldt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"2023020109510789900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S411","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis049","article-title":"Population-based active surveillance for Cyclospora infection\u2014United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 1997\u20132009","volume":"54","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020109510789900_bib5","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"39","key":"2023020109510789900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6739a6","article-title":"Notes from the field: multiple cyclosporiasis outbreaks\u2014United States, 2018","volume":"67","author":"Casillas","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023020109510789900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090317","article-title":"Cyclospora cayetanensis and cyclosporiasis: an update","volume":"7","author":"Almeria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023020109510789900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02737-12","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human-pathogenic microsporidia and Cyclospora cayetanensis isolated from various water sources in Spain: a year-long longitudinal study","volume":"79","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2023020109510789900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.002","article-title":"Molecular detection of Cyclospora in water, soil, vegetables and humans in southern Italy signals a need for improved monitoring by health authorities","volume":"211","author":"Giangaspero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2023020109510789900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.03.036","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona","volume":"484","author":"Kitajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023020109510789900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/environments6070080","article-title":"Cyclospora cayetanensis presence in the environment\u2014a case study in the Chicago metropolitan area","volume":"6","author":"Onstad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environments"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023020109510789900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0506.990604","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Guatemala","volume":"5","author":"Bern","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023020109510789900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2047-2054.2003","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis and other intestinal parasites in a community in Haiti","volume":"41","author":"Lopez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023020109510789900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101296","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Henan, China","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023020109510789900_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2015.1022212","article-title":"PCR for enteric pathogens in high-prevalence settings. 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