{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:56:12Z","timestamp":1791320172284,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["2019-039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-039"]}]},{"name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["2019-082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-082"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three obligate intracellular protozoan parasite species, which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality and settle in macrophage cells, affect more than one-half of the world's population, namely, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania tropica and Toxoplasma gondii, which are causative agents of Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis, respectively. In the current study, it was aimed to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo antiprotozoal activity of auranofin on T. cruzi, L. tropica and T. gondii.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The in vitro drug efficacy (IC50) of auranofin was investigated by haemocytometry and the CellTiter-Glo assay methods and the ex vivo drug efficacy (IC50) by light microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained slides. Also, the cytotoxic activity (CC50) of auranofin was examined by the CellTiter-Glo assay. The selectivity index (SI) was calculated for auranofin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>According to IC50, CC50 and SI data, auranofin did not exhibit cytotoxic activity on Vero cells, but exhibited antiprotozoal activity on epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi, promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. tropica and intracellular tachyzoites of T. gondii (p&amp;lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The detection antiprotozoal activity of auranofin on T. cruzi, L. tropica and T. gondii according to the IC50, CC50 and SI values is considered an important and promising development. This is significant because auranofin may be an effective alternative treatment for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis in the future.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trad040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T12:24:11Z","timestamp":1687955051000},"page":"733-740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antiprotozoal activity of auranofin on <i>Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania tropica<\/i> and <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>: in vitro and ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4411-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology , Uncubozk\u00f6y, 45030 Manisa , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"\u00d6zbilgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology , Uncubozk\u00f6y, 45030 Manisa , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3738-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kor","family":"Yereli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology , Uncubozk\u00f6y, 45030 Manisa , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023100312385783200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.04.008","article-title":"Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite","volume":"36","author":"Guarner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"2023100312385783200_bib2","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10151","key":"2023100312385783200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023100312385783200_bib4","author":"WHO"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023100312385783200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001318","article-title":"A review of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Turkey","volume":"147","author":"Kol\u00f6ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023100312385783200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090203","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis\u2013a global threat. 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