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Phylogenetic analysis gauged genetic affinities with other areas. District Bannu displayed the highest CL impact (14.58%), while Swat had the lowest impact (4.33%) among cases. Annual blood examination rate, parasite incidence and slide positivity rate were 4.96 per 1000 people, 0.0233 and 0.047%, respectively. CL infections were prevalent in 1- to 20-y-olds, with males (57.17%) more vulnerable than females (42.82%). Single lesions occurred in 43.73% of patients, while 31.2% people had two lesions, 17.31% had three lesions and 7.74% had more than three lesions. Most had sand-fly exposure but lacked preventive measures like repellents and bed nets. Leishmania tropica was confirmed via RFLP analysis in amplified samples. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled genetic parallels between L. tropica of KPK and isolates from China, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Syria and Morocco.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urgent comprehensive control measures are imperative. Early detection, targeted interventions and raising awareness of CL and sand-fly vectors are vital for reducing the disease's impact. International collaboration and monitoring are crucial to tackle Leishmania spp.\u2019s genetic diversity and curtail its cross-border spread.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trad086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T05:42:43Z","timestamp":1701927763000},"page":"273-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Epidemiological survey, molecular profiling and phylogenetic analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Wasia","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Depart , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"},{"name":"ment of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany\/Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Mountain Allison university , Sackville, new Brunswick, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depart , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"},{"name":"ment of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged A","family":"Al-Garadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasreen","family":"Nasreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depart , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"},{"name":"ment of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman A","family":"Swelum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Ben Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba , Manouba 2010, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba , Manouba 2010, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024040612270107700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1515\/jtim-2015-0002","article-title":"Leishmaniasis revisited: current aspects on epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Georgiadou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transl Intern Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2024040612270107700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001069","article-title":"Promastigote secretory gel from natural and unnatural sand fly vectors exacerbate leishmania major and Leishmania tropica cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice","volume":"146","author":"Giraud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024040612270107700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.00038.x","article-title":"Leishmaniasis as an emerging infection","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"key":"2024040612270107700_bib4","first-page":"412","article-title":"Immunobiology of leishmaniasis","volume":"47","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024040612270107700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. 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