{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:12:50Z","timestamp":1773076370843,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201-900\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201-900\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Podoconiosis is a neglected debilitating yet preventable disease. Despite its public health significance, podoconiosis is often misdiagnosed and confused with lymphatic filariasis. No appropriate diagnostic tests exist, contributing to underestimation and the absence of control interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven districts with suspected or reported cases of podoconiosis or an altitude of 1200\u00a0m above sea level. Conducted from 30 January to 19 March 2023, the survey employed multilevel stratified sampling to reach eligible household members.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 10\u00a0023 participants sampled, 187 (confidence interval 1.25 to 2.78) had clinical features of podoconiosis. The highest prevalence was recorded in Nakapiripirit (7.2% [58\/809]) and Sironko (2.8 [44\/1564]) and the lowest in Kasese (0.3% [5\/1537]), but ranged from 1.1 to 1.8% in Zombo, Rukungiri, Gomba and Hoima districts. The duration of podoconiosis was reported to range from 1 to 57\u00a0y. Factors associated with podoconiosis occurrence included advanced age, tungiasis, household cleanliness and personal hygiene. Sleeping on a bed, bathing daily, use of soap and use of footwear in at least moderate condition were protective against podoconiosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Podoconiosis occurred in all the sampled districts and was linked to personal hygiene. Long-standing cases suggest an absence of treatment. There is potential for early intervention using a holistic care model in managing this condition. Urgent action and stakeholder engagement are essential for effective podoconiosis management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T16:51:30Z","timestamp":1723654290000},"page":"790-798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Podoconiosis in Uganda: prevalence, geographical distribution and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3389-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Masete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Innovations for Tropical Disease Elimination , Mukono, P.O. Box 24461, Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School , 94 N - S Rd, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PX,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Matwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, Ministry of Health , P.O. Box 1661, Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Mutebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University , P.O. Box 7062, Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Thielecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Center for Global Health, Institute of International Health, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine , 13353 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Nuwaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health , P.O. Box 7062, Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Mukone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Innovations for Tropical Disease Elimination , Mukono, P.O. Box 24461, Kampala ,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kebede","family":"Deribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School , 94 N - S Rd, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PX,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Children's Investment Fund Foundation , Addis Ababa ,","place":["Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2796-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School , 94 N - S Rd, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PX,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, University , Addis Ababa ,","place":["Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024121302081942000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559202200306","article-title":"Podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) in two resettlement schemes in western Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"Kloos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"13","key":"2024121302081942000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108448","article-title":"HLA class II locus and susceptibility to podoconiosis","volume":"366","author":"Tekola Ayele","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024121302081942000_bib3","volume-title":"Podoconiosis: non-filarial elephantiasis","author":"Price","year":"1990"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024121302081942000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02133.x","article-title":"Development and testing of a de novo clinical staging system for podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis)","volume":"13","author":"Tekola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2024121302081942000_bib5","volume-title":"attitude and practices of lymphatic filariasis chronic manifestation in Uganda [Internet]","author":"MoH U. Knowledge"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024121302081942000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01133.x","article-title":"Filariasis and lymphoedema","volume":"31","author":"Pfarr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121302081942000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X19829","article-title":"Rapid assessment of the geographical distribution of lymphatic filariasis in Uganda, by screening of schoolchildren for circulating filarial antigens","volume":"99","author":"Onapa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121302081942000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00185-6","article-title":"Non-filarial elephantiasis in the Mt. Elgon area (Kapchorwa District) of Uganda","volume":"78","author":"Onapa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121302081942000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90145-2","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis in Uganda: baseline investigations in Lira, Soroti and Katakwi districts","volume":"95","author":"Onapa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024121302081942000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06801-z","article-title":"Sero-antigen prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and risk factors of podoconiosis in Busiriba sub-county, Kamwenge district, southwestern Uganda, August\u2013September 2018","volume":"17","author":"Mwesigye","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2024121302081942000_bib11","volume-title":"Uganda neglected tropical diseases master plan (2023\u20132027)","author":"Uganda Ministry of Health","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024121302081942000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006324","article-title":"Global epidemiology of podoconiosis: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Deribe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024121302081942000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e477","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30140-7","article-title":"The global atlas of podoconiosis","volume":"5","author":"Deribe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024121302081942000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0446","article-title":"Epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping","volume":"92","author":"Deribe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024121302081942000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e671","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30072-5","article-title":"Geographical distribution and prevalence of podoconiosis in Rwanda: a cross-sectional country-wide survey","volume":"7","author":"Deribe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024121302081942000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0932","article-title":"Risk factors for podoconiosis: Kamwenge District, Western Uganda, September 2015","volume":"96","author":"Kihembo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024121302081942000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2015\/17672","article-title":"Case report and literature review: podoconiosis in southwestern Uganda","volume":"9","author":"Dwek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121302081942000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8020111","article-title":"Prevalence and infection intensity of human and animal tungiasis in Napak District, Karamoja, northeastern Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Mutebi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9565","key":"2024121302081942000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60425-5","article-title":"Podoconiosis: the most neglected tropical disease?","volume":"369","author":"Davey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024121302081942000_bib20","volume-title":"The Third National Neglected Tropical Diseases Strategic Plan 2021\u20132025","author":"Ethiopia Ministry of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024121302081942000_bib21","volume-title":"Rwanda Neglected Tropical Diseases Strategic Plan 2019\u20132024","author":"Rwanda Ministry of Health","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024121302081942000_bib22","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024121302081942000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-397","article-title":"Integrated mapping of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis: lessons learnt from Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Sime","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024121302081942000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.189399","article-title":"Integrated morbidity management for lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis, Ethiopia","volume":"95","author":"Deribe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024121302081942000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0817-y","article-title":"Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: I. Natural history of tungiasis in man","volume":"90","author":"Eisele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024121302081942000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007925","article-title":"Mapping the global distribution of podoconiosis: applying an evidence consensus approach","volume":"13","author":"Deribe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024121302081942000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006126","article-title":"Mapping the geographical distribution of podoconiosis in Cameroon using parasitological, serological, and clinical evidence to exclude other causes of lymphedema","volume":"12","author":"Deribe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024121302081942000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3030087","article-title":"Community involvement in the care of persons affected by podoconiosis\u2014a lesson for other skin NTDs","volume":"3","author":"Tora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024121302081942000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1180","article-title":"Effect of a community-based holistic care package on physical and psychosocial outcomes in people with lower limb disorder caused by lymphatic filariasis, podoconiosis, and leprosy in Ethiopia: results from the EnDPoINT Pilot Cohort study","volume":"107","author":"Dellar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024121302081942000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.08.005","article-title":"High infection rate of Wolbachia endobacteria in the sand flea Tunga penetrans from Brazil","volume":"92","author":"Heukelbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/118\/12\/790\/60936948\/trae046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/118\/12\/790\/60936948\/trae046.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T02:08:53Z","timestamp":1734055733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/118\/12\/790\/7733563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trae046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}}}