{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:22:41Z","timestamp":1792790561311,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Haemotoxicity is the most common complication of systemic envenoming following snakebite, leading to diverse clinical syndromes ranging from haemorrhagic to prothrombotic manifestations. Key haematological abnormalities include platelet dysfunction, venom-induced consumption coagulopathy, anticoagulant coagulopathy and organ-threatening thrombotic microangiopathy. Diagnostic methods include the bedside whole blood clotting test, laboratory coagulation screening and other advanced methods such as thromboelastogram and clot strength analysis. The primary management strategies are venom neutralisation with antivenom and correction of coagulopathy with blood component transfusions, while options such as plasma exchange are utilised in certain cases. Recent advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of haemotoxicity have facilitated the development of new diagnostic and treatment modalities. This review summarises current knowledge on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory manifestations and treatment of the haematological effects of snake envenoming. Furthermore, it highlights important challenges concerning diagnosis and management. Addressing these challenges is crucial for achieving the WHO's goal of reducing deaths and disabilities caused by snakebites by 2030.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T18:48:46Z","timestamp":1724957326000},"page":"283-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Haemotoxicity of snakes: a review of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, novel diagnostics and challenges in management"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6166-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhawani Yasassri","family":"Alvitigala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo , P.O. 00800 ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsha A","family":"Dissanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo , P.O. 00800 ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen N","family":"Weeratunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo , P.O. 00800 ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P A Chanya D","family":"Padmaperuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colombo North Teaching Hospital , Ragama, Western Province ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lallindra Viranjan","family":"Gooneratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo , P.O. 00800 ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christeine Ariaranee","family":"Gnanathasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo , P.O. 00800 ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121203313246200_bib1","article-title":"Snakebite envenoming","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121203313246200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33627-9","article-title":"Global mortality of snakebite envenoming between 1990 and 2019","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121203313246200_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Snakebite envenoming","volume":"3","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis 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