{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:11:02Z","timestamp":1788491462607,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Little is known about snakebites by Naja samarensis, a species unique to the Philippines. The aim here is to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients bitten by this medically important cobra in the Eastern Visayas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A hospital-based prospective study analysed the features of snakebite patients attending Eastern Visayas Medical Center between June 2022 and May 2023. Logistic regression analysis identified the factors associated with severity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 175 snakebite patients with five fatalities were included. Naja samarensis was most commonly implicated (n=49, 28.0%), although it could be definitively identified, by examining photographs of the snake responsible, in only four cases. The N. samarensis bites occurred in grass or rice fields, in daytime, and during farming activities, but the people bitten were most frequently students (34.7%) who were bitten at home (36.7%). Patients bitten by N. samarensis often presented with cytotoxic (63.3%) and neurotoxic signs (46.9%). Traditional remedies were common, resulting in delayed presentation to the hospital. Bites by N. samarensis, and older age (&amp;gt;44\u00a0y) were independently associated with severity (adjusted OR of 10.33 and 7.89, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Naja samarensis is a major cause of severe snakebites in this region. Pre-hospital treatment frequently involves wasted time and unproven traditional methods. Enhancement of public awareness is urgently needed. Development of a diagnostic test for species identification is warranted to improve future surveys and management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T15:25:13Z","timestamp":1729697113000},"page":"933-942","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Characteristics of snakebite patients due to <i>Naja samarensis<\/i> in the Philippines: a prospective hospital-based study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2011-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Aoki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki 852-8102 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Coordination Office for Emergency Medicine and International Response, Acute and Critical Care Center, Nagasaki University Hospital , Nagasaki 852-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Paghubasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Visayas Medical Center , Tacloban City 6500 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick Joseph","family":"Tiglao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of the Philippines \u2013 Philippine General Hospital , Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]},{"name":"Philippine Toxinology Society, Inc. , Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin Jay","family":"Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philippine Toxinology Society, Inc. , Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]},{"name":"Crocodylus Porosus Philippines Inc. , Makati City 1233 ,","place":["Philippines"]},{"name":"University of the Philippines Los Banos , Los Banos 4031 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustan","family":"Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Visayas Medical Center , Tacloban City 6500 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariedel A","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control Center, Eastern Visayas Medical Center , Tacloban City 6500 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mardie S","family":"Sarsalijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control Center, Eastern Visayas Medical Center , Tacloban City 6500 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace Joy B","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control Center, Eastern Visayas Medical Center , Tacloban City 6500 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercy Grace","family":"Beronilla-Uraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control Center, Eastern Visayas Medical Center , Tacloban City 6500 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John David L","family":"Comandante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philippine Toxinology Society, Inc. , Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]},{"name":"National Poison Management and Control Center, University of the Philippines \u2013 Philippine General Hospital , Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emelia B","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of the Philippines \u2013 Philippine General Hospital , Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]},{"name":"Philippine 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