{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T04:55:40Z","timestamp":1768280140647,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016290","name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OG-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OG-0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leishmaniasis represents a significant parasitic disease with global health implications, and the development of an affordable and effective vaccine could provide a valuable solution. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine targeting Leishmania major specifically based on the Leishmania-activated C kinase (LACK) antigen, utilizing calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNs) and chitosan nanoparticles (ChitNs) as adjuvants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seventy female BALB\/c mice, aged 4\u20136 wk and weighing 20\u201322 g, were selected and divided into five groups, each consisting of 14 mice. The first group received the plasmid LACK vaccine (pcDN3+LACK), the second group received the pcDN3+LACK vaccine with the CaPN adjuvant (pcDN3+LACK+CaPN), the third group received the pcDN3+LACK vaccine with the ChitN adjuvant (pcDN3+LACK+ChitN), the fourth group was administered phosphate-buffered saline as a negative control and the fifth group did not receive any vaccine, serving as a positive control. The vaccination program involved two intramuscular injections at 3-wk intervals. Three weeks following the final vaccination, the mice were challenged with wild-type L. major promastigotes via intradermal injection at the base of their tails. Clinical signs and lesion sizes were evaluated biweekly using Vernier calipers. Immune responses, including levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), were assessed using ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The groups receiving pcDN3+LACK+ChitN, pcDN3+LACK+CaPN and pcDN3+LACK exhibited the highest increases in IFN-\u03b3 titers and the most significant reductions in IL-4 titers. Furthermore, lesion sizes associated with Leishmania infection were reduced in the vaccinated groups, with the most favorable outcomes observed in the pcDN3+LACK+ChitN group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings suggest that vaccination utilizing the LACK antigen in conjunction with CaPN and ChitN adjuvants may represent an effective strategy for the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T13:15:36Z","timestamp":1735910136000},"page":"266-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine for <i>Leishmania major<\/i> based on the <i>Leishmania<\/i>-activated C kinase antigen using calcium phosphate and chitosan adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Abdolaziz","family":"Gharaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infecti , Ahvaz 15794-61357 ,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"ous and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz 15794-61357 ,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Medical school, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz 6135715794 ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6667-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Rahdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infecti , Ahvaz 15794-61357 ,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"ous and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz 15794-61357 ,","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Medical 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Hossein","family":"Feiz-Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Medical school, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz 6135715794 ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030716464655100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.01.057","article-title":"Vaccine value profile for leishmaniasis","volume":"41","author":"Kaye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030716464655100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.023","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region","volume":"36","author":"Postigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025030716464655100_bib3","volume-title":"Visceral Leishmaniosis 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