{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:57:53Z","timestamp":1790279873607,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) is a sand fly-transmitted skin infection caused by Leishmania species that extends from West Africa to China. Afghanistan probably has the highest burden of OWCL and is home chiefly to Leishmania \u00a0tropica and Leishmania \u00a0major, which cause anthroponotic and zoonotic CL, respectively. Although data on the species distribution in Afghanistan are patchy, L. tropica predominates over L. major, reflecting its concentration in large cities. CL prevalence in Afghanistan increases with increasing age to peak at 5\u201310 y, depending on the local epidemiology. Clinically, there is a spectrum of lesions common to both main species with nodules, ulcerated nodules and papules accounting for the majority (50\u201380%) of lesions at presentation. When healed, CL lesions leave pale scars that often have deleterious psychosocial effects. Leishmania control involves vector control and treating patients, but these are severely challenged by decades of war and disruption to the health system. In the public sector, only injectable antimonials, sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate, are available and, anecdotally, efficacy remains high. Few clinical trials have been conducted in Afghanistan and data support antimonial efficacy; small clinical series suggest good efficacy of oral miltefosine against the two main species. Herein, we focus our review on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of CL in Afghanistan and suggest avenues of future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T07:20:26Z","timestamp":1739949626000},"page":"848-864","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6630-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal Ahmad","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kandahar University Department of Pediatrics, , Kandahar 3801 ,","place":["Afghanistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Ghatee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Micriobiology, , Shiraz 71348-14336 ,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naeem","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria & Other Vector Borne Diseases Program, Ministry of Public Health Department of Malaria, , Kabul 1001 ,","place":["Afghanistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khushhal","family":"Farooqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kandahar University Department of Pediatrics, , Kandahar 3801 ,","place":["Afghanistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koert","family":"Ritmeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res , Amsterdam 14 1018 ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma Syed","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, , Karachi 74800 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Asim","family":"Beg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, , Karachi 74800 ,","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter R","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit , Bangkok 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