{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:16:50Z","timestamp":1780636610524,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The World Academy of Science"},{"name":"DBT-TWAS Postgraduate Fellowship Programme","award":["3240300010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3240300010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unravelling the population genetic structure and dynamics of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) strains is essential to adapt control strategies. Here, genetic and evolutionary patterns of P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt) in Cameroon were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples from P. falciparum-infected individuals living in a coastal area (Douala) and North and Far North areas (Maroua, Mayo-Oulo, Pette) were PCR-amplified and genotyped for the Pfcrt gene. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis, haplotype network, neutral evolution and genetic differentiation patterns of Pfcrt sequences were also performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The wild-type CVMNK was dominant (97.1%) in the coastal area, while the resistance genotype CVIET (50\u201361.9%) was predominant in the North and Far North areas. The mutation 72S was significantly more often reported in asymptomatic infections (p=0.004) and submicroscopic parasitaemia cases (p=0.002). A signature of positive selection or population expansion was identified in Pfcrt sequences from Douala. The Pf populations from coastal, North and Far North areas were genetically differentiated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests a return to chloroquine susceptibility geographically restricted in the coastal region. The high circulation of the genotype CVIET in North and Far North areas calls for investigations of factors contributing to the persistence of chloroquine-resistant strains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:54:51Z","timestamp":1750233291000},"page":"1288-1300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic epidemiology of\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    chloroquine resistance in coastal, North and Far North areas of Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loick P","family":"Kojom Foko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite & Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research , New Delhi \u00a0 110077 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9905-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geetika","family":"Narang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite & Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research , New Delhi \u00a0 110077 ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Ghaziabad 201002 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9443-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahnvi","family":"Jakhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite & Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research , New Delhi \u00a0 110077 ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Ghaziabad 201002 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4145-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Hawadak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite & Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research , New Delhi \u00a0 110077 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0113-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineeta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite & Host Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research , New Delhi \u00a0 110077 ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Ghaziabad 201002 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2023","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.11.006","article-title":"Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and drug resistance molecular markers: a systematic review of clinical studies from two malaria endemic regions\u2014India and sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"15","author":"Arya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025110306003908500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.08.002","article-title":"PfCRT and its role in antimalarial drug resistance","volume":"28","author":"Ecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.03.002","article-title":"Population genetic analyses of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine receptor transporter gene haplotypes reveal the evolutionary history of chloroquine-resistant malaria in India","volume":"41","author":"Awasthi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025110306003908500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04651-x","article-title":"Nationwide spatiotemporal drug resistance genetic profiling from over three decades in Indian Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax isolates","volume":"22","author":"Kojom Foko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025110306003908500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1086\/504269","article-title":"Occurrence of the Southeast Asian\/South American SVMNT haplotype of the chloroquine-resistance transporter gene in Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania","volume":"193","author":"Alifrangis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib7","volume-title":"Guide de prise en charge du paludisme au Cameroun. A l'usage du personnel de sant\u00e9","author":"MINSANTE","year":"2019"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025110306003908500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0805011","article-title":"Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Western Cambodia","volume":"359","author":"Noedl","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025110306003908500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1005-2","article-title":"Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda","volume":"26","author":"Uwimana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025110306003908500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101746","article-title":"Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa","volume":"385","author":"Balikagala","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025110306003908500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00362-1","article-title":"Evidence of artemisinin partial resistance in North-western Tanzania: clinical and drug resistance markers study","volume":"24","author":"Ishengoma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5353-2","article-title":"Risk of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria therapy\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025110306003908500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03543-8","article-title":"Drug resistance markers within an evolving efficacy of anti-malarial drugs in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis (1998\u20132020)","volume":"20","author":"Niba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025110306003908500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2022.2056674","article-title":"Current status of 4-aminoquinoline resistance markers 18 years after cessation of chloroquine use for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in the littoral coastline region of Cameroon","volume":"116","author":"Moyeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.03.050","article-title":"Evolution of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance markers post-adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapies in Yaounde, Cameroon","volume":"132","author":"Niba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.07.003","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity in the chloroquine-resistant gene Pfcrt in field Plasmodium falciparum isolates from five regions of the southern Cameroon","volume":"44","author":"Ngassa Mbenda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025110306003908500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt388","article-title":"Occurrence of multiple chloroquine-resistant Pfcrt haplotypes and emergence of the S(agt)VMNT type in Cameroonian Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"69","author":"Ngassa Mbenda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025110306003908500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07901-6","article-title":"Non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in three epidemiological malaria facets in Cameroon","volume":"22","author":"Kojom Foko","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib19","volume-title":"Malaria risk mapping in Africa: The historical context to the Information for Malaria (INFORM) project","author":"Snow","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib20","volume-title":"WHO malaria terminology","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025110306003908500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90050-8","article-title":"Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections","volume":"58","author":"Snounou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025110306003908500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.585","article-title":"Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism","volume":"595","author":"Tajima","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025110306003908500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","article-title":"DnaSP 6\u202f: DNA Sequence Polymorphism analysis of large data sets","volume":"34","author":"Rozas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.148744","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the circumsporozoite gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Cameroon: implications for efficacy and deployment of RTS,S\/AS01 vaccine","volume":"927","author":"Kojom Foko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025110306003908500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1083.2001.01436.x","article-title":"The estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers","volume":"11","author":"Balloux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025110306003908500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2017\/30277","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria infection and reliability of ACCUCARE One Step Malaria Test\u00ae for diagnosing malaria in people living with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Cameroon","volume":"21","author":"Kamgain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60549-7","article-title":"Detection of mutations associated with artemisinin resistance at k13-propeller gene and a near complete return of chloroquine susceptible falciparum malaria in Southeast of Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Bwire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025110306003908500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04115-8","article-title":"Malaria chemoprevention and drug resistance: a review of the literature and policy implications","volume":"21","author":"Plowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025110306003908500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00089-08","article-title":"Discordant patterns of genetic variation at two chloroquine resistance loci in worldwide populations of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"52","author":"Mehlotra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106975","article-title":"Polymorphism analysis of drug resistance markers in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Benin","volume":"245","author":"L'Episcopia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025110306003908500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04403-3","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of anti-malarial drug resistance genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Odisha, India","volume":"21","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025110306003908500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0299517","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299517","article-title":"Rationalizing artemisinin-based combination therapies use for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: a situation analysis in health facilities and private pharmacies of Douala 5e-Cameroon","volume":"19","author":"Eboumbou Moukoko","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025110306003908500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ACRI\/2018\/43009","article-title":"Knowledge and beliefs towards malaria and associated factors among residents of the town of Douala, Cameroon","volume":"14","author":"Kojom Foko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Curr Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025110306003908500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.2102-2105.2005","article-title":"Origin and dissemination of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum with mutant pfcrt alleles in the Philippines","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025110306003908500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30391-3","article-title":"Determinants of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine treatment failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: a prospective clinical, pharmacological, and genetic study","volume":"19","author":"van der Pluijm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global patterns of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys","volume":"5247","author":"Whittaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025110306003908500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00025-08","article-title":"Acquired immunity to malaria","volume":"22","author":"Doolan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025110306003908500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21682","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance","volume":"113","author":"White","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025110306003908500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.29","article-title":"Impaired fitness of drug-resistant malaria parasites: evidence and implication on drug-deployment policies","volume":"7","author":"Babiker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2025110306003908500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075755","DOI":"10.3389\/fmala.2023.1075755","article-title":"Genomic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum isolates across different altitudinal zones along the slope of Mount Cameroon","volume":"1","author":"Apinjoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Malar"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/119\/11\/1288\/63715362\/traf069.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/119\/11\/1288\/63715362\/traf069.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T11:00:46Z","timestamp":1762167646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/119\/11\/1288\/8196000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/traf069","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}