{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:35:19Z","timestamp":1775072119438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Support Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais","award":["APQ-01424-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-01424-18"]}]},{"name":"EU's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme","award":["101086640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086640"]}]},{"name":"Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Yellow fever (YF) is a highly lethal arboviral disease that is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected mosquitoes. However, the drivers of epidemic episodes are not well understood. In this ecological study, we analysed spatial and temporal patterns of the largest yellow fever outbreaks in the 21st century in Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe the spatial and temporal patterns of 2178 human YF cases, 2911 non-human primate (NHP) cases and immunization coverage using the Global and Local Moran's Index, directional distribution and logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatially distinct clusters were detected along heterogeneous forestland and ecological corridors. Human YF occurrence increased with a higher abundance and diverse genera of NHP YF cases along with seven other variables: lower vaccination coverage, lower elevation, moderate annual mean temperature, higher annual precipitation, increased vector abundance, low to moderate urbanization and forested land.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that human YF epidemics are largely driven by vaccination coverage and environmental conditions that aid transmission in vectors and hosts. This sustains the local sylvatic cycle across administrative and political boundaries. These results reinforce the need to study YF spillover and dispersion dynamics at the human\u2013animal\u2013environment interface to improve disease control and devise multisectoral mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T10:09:48Z","timestamp":1752746988000},"page":"1376-1388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatiotemporal dynamics and determinants of yellow fever outbreaks in 21st century Brazil: an ecological study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Fabricio T O","family":"Ker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais Department of Parasitology, , Belo Horizonte , 31.270-901","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) , Barcelona , 08034","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, , Barcelona , 08003","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie A","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , WC1E\u00a07HT","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , WC1E\u00a07HT","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Pinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ)(USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , 05508-270","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e2ngela","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais Department of Parasitology, , Belo Horizonte , 31.270-901","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) , Barcelona , 08034","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , WC1E\u00a07HT","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , WC1E\u00a07HT","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) , Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5241-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais Department of Parasitology, , Belo Horizonte , 31.270-901","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , WC1E\u00a07HT","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120511241616300_bib1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Epidemiological bulletin \u2013 re-emergence of wild yellow fever in Brazil 2014\/2015","author":"Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazil Ministry of Health","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025120511241616300_bib2","volume-title":"Guide to epizootic surveillance in non-human primates and entomology applied to yellow fever surveillance","author":"Brazil Ministry of Health. 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