{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:54:46Z","timestamp":1773348886106,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional surveillance systems for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) often suffer from underreporting, delays and limited reach, hindering effective disease control. This study describes the integration process of crowdsourced image-based morbidity hotspot surveillance for NTDs (CIMS-NTDs) into the government-led NTD program and assesses its operational performance and stakeholder experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed methods study embedded in an implementation research framework was conducted in Ondo State, Nigeria. A quasi-experimental design was used to compare CIMS-NTDs with the existing surveillance approach, while key informant interviews were used to explore stakeholder perceptions. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Mann\u2013Whitney U test, and qualitative data underwent reflexive thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The training session had in attendance of 30 NTD personnel from the state, local government areas and wards. Results showed a &amp;gt;400% improvement in CIMS-NTDs knowledge following the training session. CIMS-NTDs outperformed traditional surveillance, with 62 confirmed case reports versus only 3 under the conventional system (p=0.023). Onchocerciasis was the most frequently reported NTD (62.9%). Key informants highlighted improved community engagement, data accuracy and reporting efficiency but noted challenges such as digital accessibility and funding constraints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating digital surveillance into national NTD programs enhances case detection, reporting and intervention strategies. Sustainable adoption requires government funding, capacity building and expanded digital infrastructure to improve accessibility and impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T11:59:11Z","timestamp":1755172751000},"page":"36-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrating the crowdsourced image-based morbidity hotspot surveillance for neglected tropical diseases (CIMS-NTDs) into Nigeria's healthcare system: a mixed methods study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6670-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoola O","family":"Bosede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Innovations and Technologies for Diseases Control (INTEDeC) Research Group, Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Department of Environmental Health Science, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher S","family":"Oyamienlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Innovations and Technologies for Diseases Control (INTEDeC) Research Group, Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzochukwu G","family":"Ekeleme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obinna G","family":"Udujih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinwe E","family":"Metuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) , 900211 Abuja ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangeline T","family":"Oparaocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uchechukwu M","family":"Chukwuocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Innovations and Technologies for Diseases Control (INTEDeC) Research Group, Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"Federal University of Technology Owerri Department of Public Health, , PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State ,","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib1","volume-title":"Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib2","volume-title":"Neglected tropical diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010505432940200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2011.11.015","article-title":"The global burden of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"126","author":"Fenwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010505432940200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab002","article-title":"A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","volume":"115","author":"Malecela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib5","volume-title":"Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases \u2013 a roadmap for implementation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib6","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib7","article-title":"The Kigali Declaration","author":"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010505432940200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2023.2272095","article-title":"Neglected tropical disease (NTD) diagnostics: current development and operations to advance control","volume":"118","author":"Oyeyemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2026010505432940200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab211","article-title":"Sustainable surveillance of neglected tropical diseases for the post-elimination era","volume":"72","author":"Hatherell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib10","article-title":"An investment case for ending neglected tropical diseases","volume-title":"Major Infectious Diseases","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","edition":"3rd edition"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib11","article-title":"The impact of neglected tropical diseases, and their associated stigma, on people's basic capabilities","author":"Wilsher","year":"2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010505432940200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015671","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015671","article-title":"Understanding the barriers and facilitators related to never treatment during mass drug administration among mobile and migrant populations in Mali: a qualitative exploratory study","volume":"9","author":"Sangare","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010505432940200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0303179","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303179","article-title":"Protocol for the crowdsourced image-based morbidity hotspot surveillance for neglected tropical diseases (CIMS-NTDs)","volume":"19","author":"Chukwuocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib14","volume-title":"Recognizing neglected tropical diseases through changes on the skin: a training guide for front-line health workers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010505432940200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","article-title":"Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis","volume":"11","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010505432940200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101329","article-title":"\u201cSlash and clear\u201d, a community-based vector control method to reduce onchocerciasis transmission by Simulium sirbanum in Maridi, South Sudan: a prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Raimon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-10-16","article-title":"Empowering communities in combating river blindness and the role of NGOs: case studies from Cameroon, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda","volume":"10","author":"Meredith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010505432940200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2030036","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: epidemiology and global burden","volume":"2","author":"Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787135","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.787135","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Gentili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010505432940200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.06.008","article-title":"Evaluating digital health interventions: key questions and approaches","volume":"51","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010505432940200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13166","DOI":"10.2196\/13166","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions on the management of cardiovascular diseases: systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010505432940200_bib22","first-page":"139","article-title":"Challenges, solutions, and prospects of collecting data offline and online in social science research in Nigerian universities","volume":"4","author":"Nwokike","year":"2023","journal-title":"KIU Interdisciplinary J Hum Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121231216856","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121231216855","article-title":"Lessons learned on data collection for a digital health intervention\u2014insights and challenges from Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Umoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"2026010505432940200_bib24","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/1\/36\/64204650\/traf091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/1\/36\/64204650\/traf091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:43:37Z","timestamp":1767609817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/120\/1\/36\/8247712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/traf091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}}}