{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:07:53Z","timestamp":1780628873129,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Butterflies and moths have been admired for their beauty since ancient times, but even these graceful insects can pose a danger to humans, albeit rarely, mainly because of the stinging toxic hairs on the larval stage of some species. In addition to this, since the 16th century, occasional findings of caterpillars still alive after being expelled by people through vomit or faeces led prominent scientists to consider the possibility that the larvae of some species of butterflies and moths, if accidentally ingested, could survive in the human gastrointestinal tract and cause a true infestation. More recently, in the 20th century, there have been reports of caterpillars of certain moths penetrating pre-existing skin wounds under particular circumstances. The human infestation (true or alleged) with caterpillars is known as scoleciasis. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of all documented cases of human scoleciasis in the literature to date and to assess whether or not this phenomenon should be considered a true parasitosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T11:35:28Z","timestamp":1755603328000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Butterflies in the stomach: a critical analysis on human scoleciasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Calatri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Cagliari , Cagliari ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026011504513119600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2013.12042.x","article-title":"Blood, sweat, and tears: hematophagous Lepidoptera","volume":"38","author":"Plotkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011504513119600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP310","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319872170","article-title":"Moth in the left ear","volume":"100","author":"Chiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45501-8_20","article-title":"Venoms of Lepidoptera","volume-title":"Arthropod venoms. Handbook of experimental pharmacology","author":"Delgado Quiroz","year":"1978"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011504513119600_bib4","first-page":"964","article-title":"Accidentes por Lepid\u00f3pteros con especial referencia a Lonomia sp","volume":"60","author":"de Roodt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/9781486308859","volume-title":"Guide to venomous and medically important invertebrates","author":"Bowles","year":"2018","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib6","article-title":"Butterfly, moth, and caterpillar envenomation","author":"Goldman","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b22250","volume-title":"The Goddard guide to arthropods of medical importance","author":"Moraru","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib8","volume-title":"An introduction to entomology","author":"Kirby","year":"1815"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib9","first-page":"256","article-title":"On insects and their larvae occasionally found in human bodies","volume":"2","author":"Hope","year":"1840","journal-title":"Trans Entomol Soc Lond"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib10","volume-title":"Les \u0152uvres d'Ambroise Par\u00e9","author":"Par\u00e9","year":"1585","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib11","volume-title":"Medicinalium observationum exempla rara, recognita & aucta","author":"Dodoens","year":"1581","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib12","volume-title":"De Verme Admirando per Nares Egresso","author":"Angelini","year":"1610"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1675.0037","article-title":"An extract of a letter of July 28, 1675. by Mr. Lister from York to the Publisher; containing some observations about damps, together with some relations concerning odd worms vomited by children, &c","volume":"10","author":"Lister","year":"1675","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib14","volume-title":"De la generation des vers dans le corps de l'homme","author":"de Bois-Regard","year":"1741","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib15","volume-title":"Histoire naturelle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re","author":"Leclerc","year":"1777"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib16","volume-title":"Medical and philosophical commentaries","author":"Duncan","year":"1784"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib17","first-page":"115","volume":"4","author":"Dumeril","year":"1830","journal-title":"Ann Nat Hist"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib18","first-page":"135","article-title":"Note sur les accidents caus\u00e9s par l'ingestion de chenilles de l'Aglossa pinguinalis","volume":"II","author":"Poujade","year":"1896","journal-title":"Bull Mus Hist Nat"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011504513119600_bib19","first-page":"668","article-title":"A case of infestation with the corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Scoleciasis)","volume":"35","author":"Church","year":"1936","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011504513119600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/3493743","article-title":"Human myiasis in North America","volume":"47","author":"Scott","year":"1964","journal-title":"Fla Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011504513119600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2307\/3273945","article-title":"A caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae) from the digestive tract of a human","volume":"39","author":"Judd","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib22","volume-title":"Larvas de microlepid\u00f3pteros que ocasionan trastornos nasales en un lactante","author":"Pastrana","year":"1959"},{"issue":"6307","key":"2026011504513119600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.283.6307.1662","article-title":"Intestinal scholechiasis: an unusual fistula","volume":"283","author":"Smallwood","year":"1981","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011504513119600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.6.964","article-title":"Caterpillar infestation in a diabetic patient","volume":"150","author":"Anderson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib25","article-title":"Expectoration de larves de noctuid\u00e9s apr\u00e8s consommation de dattes","author":"Bour\u00e9e","year":"1987","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026011504513119600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e971","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19040","article-title":"An unusual furuncle: the first human report of scoleciasis due to Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)","volume":"37","author":"Cammarata","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib27","volume-title":"Bulletins de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anatomique de Paris","author":"Cloquet","year":"1826"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib28","author":"Linn\u00e9","year":"1758","journal-title":"Systema Naturae"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib29","volume-title":"Memoirs of the Medical Society of London","author":"Church","year":"1789"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011504513119600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00040.x","article-title":"Coprophagy in Lepidoptera: evidence in the pyralid moth Aglossa pinguinalis","volume":"244","author":"Pi\u00f1ero","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge of necrophagous insects by five groups of justice actors and traditional gravediggers for their application in criminal investigations in the Sudanese and Sudano- Sahelian Areas of Burkina Faso","author":"Gnankine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep J"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026011504513119600_bib32","first-page":"250","article-title":"Des accidents toxiques dus \u00e0 la chenille de l'Aglosse de la graisse","volume":"VII","author":"Lunel","year":"1861","journal-title":"L'Abeille M\u00e9d"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011504513119600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v15i1.4","article-title":"Microbiological analysis of the Cirina forda (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) commercialized in North Togo","volume":"15","author":"Badanaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fufo.2022.100197","article-title":"Responses of the human gut microbiota to digested insect powders","volume":"6","author":"Refael","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Foods"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib35","first-page":"305","article-title":"The problem of intestinal myiasis in humans","volume":"37","author":"Zumpt","year":"1963","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816954","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.816954","article-title":"Gut microbiota of Ostrinia nubilalis larvae degrade maize cellulose","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011504513119600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182009000400012","article-title":"Accidental genital myiasis by Eristalis tenax","volume":"26","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib38","first-page":"101144","article-title":"Spring onion as a foreign body in the urethra","volume":"31","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011504513119600_bib39","first-page":"678","article-title":"Wound myiasis in diabetic foot ulcer: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae","volume":"16","author":"Tileklio\u011flu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib40","volume-title":"Myiasis in man and animals in the Old World","author":"Zumpt","year":"1965"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011504513119600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01521","article-title":"Respiratory changes throughout ontogeny in the tobacco hornworm caterpillar, Manduca sexta","volume":"208","author":"Greenlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011504513119600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.08.017","article-title":"The role of the spiracles in gas exchange during development of Samia cynthia (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae)","volume":"148","author":"Hetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011504513119600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2009.05.008","article-title":"Tracheal remodelling in response to hypoxia","volume":"56","author":"Centanin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2017.12.001","article-title":"Tracheal diameter and HIFs in Manduca sexta","volume":"107","author":"Lundquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011504513119600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2006.08.002","article-title":"Biology and management of Plodia interpunctella","volume":"43","author":"Mohandass","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Stored Prod Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011504513119600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10838","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10838","article-title":"An outsider on the Antarctic Peninsula: a new record of the non-native moth Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","volume":"14","author":"Benitez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib47","volume-title":"Atlas of stored-product insects and mites","author":"Hagstrum","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib48","volume-title":"Igiene e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica","author":"Dutto","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011504513119600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9020042","article-title":"Evaluating penetration of Plodia interpunctella (H\u00fcbner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae into multilayer polypropylene packages","volume":"9","author":"Scheff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib50","volume-title":"Manual of the prevention of post-harvest grain losses","author":"Gwinner","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026011504513119600_bib51","first-page":"617","article-title":"Health threats by Plodia interpunctella as microbial reservoir","volume":"70","author":"Zawadzki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011504513119600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.725","article-title":"Infestation of a bird and two cats by larvae of Plodia interpunctella","volume":"38","author":"Pinckney","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650358","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/650358","article-title":"High mortality rate due to false gid in a sheep herd","volume":"2013","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026011504513119600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1309\/DVPWLJBN85QW459D","article-title":"Macroscopic mimics of helminths in stool specimen examination","volume":"39","author":"Winters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011504513119600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-13","article-title":"Laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites","volume":"27","author":"Mathison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib56","article-title":"Rapport sur le m\u00e9moire Les poissons des c\u00f4tes de Belgique, leurs parasites et leurs commensaux","author":"Lacordaire","year":"1870"},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib57","volume-title":"Medical entomology","author":"Matheson","year":"1950","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2026011504513119600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.1069.67403","article-title":"Annotated checklist of eukaryotic parasites of humans","volume":"1069","author":"Mathison","year":"2021","journal-title":"ZooKeys"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/1\/1\/64323951\/traf095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/1\/1\/64323951\/traf095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T09:51:48Z","timestamp":1768470708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/120\/1\/1\/8258451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/traf095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]}}}