{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:23:02Z","timestamp":1788067382996,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2027850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2027850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug-combination therapies are needed to combat treatment refractory giardiasis. However, data describing the activity of combinations of currently used drugs against Giardia duodenalis are unavailable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The in vitro activity of combinations of currently used antigiardial drugs were investigated against G. duodenalis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combinations of metronidazole with albendazole or quinacrine, and quinacrine with nitazoxanide, behaved additively, whereas combinations of metronidazole with nitazoxanide, albendazole or quinacrine behaved synergistically. Combinations of albendazole with nitazoxanide behaved antagonistically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While combinations of metronidazole with nitazoxanide, or albendazole with quinacrine, may be effective treatments of giardiasis, combinations of albendazole with nitazoxanide are likely to result in negative pharmacodynamic interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T11:36:47Z","timestamp":1756467407000},"page":"71-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The activity of combinations of currently used antigiardial drugs against\n                    <i>Giardia duodenalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Keely","family":"Fayd'Herbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Kit","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J S","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7011-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina S","family":"Skinner-Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland, 4111 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026010505422687500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000668","article-title":"Giardiasis treatment: an update with a focus on refractory disease","volume":"33","author":"Morch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026010505422687500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13330","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00910","article-title":"Anti-giardia drug discovery: current status and gut feelings","volume":"63","author":"Riches","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010505422687500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/8.4.305","article-title":"Inhibition of clonal growth of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica by metronidazole, quinacrine, and other antimicrobial agents","volume":"8","author":"Gillin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010505422687500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.01.005","article-title":"A novel in vitro image-based assay identifies new drug leads for giardiasis","volume":"7","author":"Hart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010505422687500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0397-3","article-title":"Cyclization-blocked proguanil as a strategy to improve the antimalarial activity of atovaquone","volume":"2","author":"Skinner-Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010505422687500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-3","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal protozoa infection among school-aged children on Pemba Island, Tanzania, and effect of single-dose albendazole, nitazoxanide and albendazole-nitazoxanide","volume":"6","author":"Speich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and 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