{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:25:43Z","timestamp":1785392743306,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSDs)\u2014including scabies, pediculosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, tungiasis and cutaneous larva migrans\u2014affect millions worldwide yet remain neglected within global health programmes. Control is hindered by delayed diagnosis, fragmented service delivery, weak surveillance and limited integration of human, animal and environmental interventions. This review operationalises a One Health approach for EPSDs by proposing a pragmatic, threshold-triggered control pathway supported by a minimal indicator set suitable for district-level implementation. Evidence published between 2020 and 2025 from clinical studies, implementation research, programme evaluations and international policy guidance was synthesised to develop an operational framework linking frontline detection with confirmation, treatment and programme action. The pathway includes three components. First, triage standardises dermoscopic assessment using brief checklists and structured image capture, with optional artificial intelligence decision support where feasible. Second, confirmation prioritises accessible diagnostics, including swab- or tape-based PCR and emerging isothermal assays supported by external quality assurance. Third, predefined epidemiological thresholds guide escalation from targeted case management with household treatment to community-wide mass drug administration when warranted. A minimum indicator set\u2014diagnostic yield, time to treatment, antimicrobial days avoided, household delivery units and micro-costs\u2014is proposed to support programme monitoring and integration into primary care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trag017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:59:17Z","timestamp":1773910757000},"page":"444-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Operationalising One Health for epidermal parasitic skin diseases: threshold-triggered mass drug administration and a minimal indicator set"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2756-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalpana","family":"Kuntal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King George Medical University Department of Microbiology, , Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226003, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026050406271075400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab002","article-title":"A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","volume":"115","author":"Malecela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib2","volume-title":"Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2024","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026050406271075400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0012775","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775","article-title":"The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence and incidence of scabies, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2025.102878","article-title":"Scabies: an updated review from epidemiology to current controversies and future perspectives","volume":"67","author":"Tavoletti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026050406271075400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006549","article-title":"International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Delphi panel. Consensus criteria for the diagnosis of scabies: a Delphi study of international experts","volume":"12","author":"Engelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026050406271075400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad308","article-title":"Failure of scabies treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"190","author":"Mbuagbaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429266","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2024.1429266","article-title":"Scabies: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Mitchell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19712-2","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low-and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Delie","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib9","first-page":"653","article-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance updates 2023: 3 years of the NTD road map","volume":"45","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026050406271075400_bib10","first-page":"111","article-title":"Prevalence and infection intensity of human and animal tungiasis in Napak District, Karamoja, northeastern Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Mutebi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026050406271075400_bib11","first-page":"456","article-title":"Tungiasis: participation of cats and chickens in the dispersion and maintenance of the disease in an endemic tourist area in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050406271075400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"omae025","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omae025","article-title":"Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) may not be easy to diagnose: a case report and narrative review","volume":"2024","author":"Osman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oxf Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01885","article-title":"Late relapse of cutaneous larva migrans","volume":"33","author":"Larsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026050406271075400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011230","article-title":"Deep learning for AI-based diagnosis of skin-related neglected tropical diseases: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Yotsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46295","DOI":"10.2196\/46295","article-title":"An mHealth app (eSkinHealth) for detecting and managing skin diseases in resource-limited settings: mixed methods pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Yotsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026050406271075400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01426-1","article-title":"Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change","volume":"12","author":"Mora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0456-x","article-title":"Global output of research on epidermal parasitic skin diseases from 1967 to 2017","volume":"7","author":"Sweileh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026050406271075400_bib18","first-page":"154","article-title":"Scientometric evaluation of the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: sarcoptidae): the last four decades of global academic output on scabies","volume":"47","author":"Mumcuo\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk Parazitol Derg"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib19","volume-title":"Smart Decisions: the G-FINDER 2024 Neglected Disease R&D Report","author":"Impact for Global Health","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026050406271075400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030356","article-title":"Publication trends in neglected tropical diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: a bibliometric analysis","volume":"10","author":"Fontecha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026050406271075400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500987","article-title":"Mass drug administration for scabies control in a population with endemic disease","volume":"373","author":"Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026050406271075400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18943","article-title":"The 2020 international alliance for the control of scabies consensus criteria for the diagnosis of scabies","volume":"183","author":"Engelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib23","first-page":"107842","article-title":"Insights into AI-driven malaria diagnosis: a systematic review with implications for plasmodium knowlesi","author":"Ying","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026050406271075400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003133","article-title":"Tungiasis\u2014A neglected disease with many challenges for global public health","volume":"8","author":"Feldmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib25","volume-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib26","article-title":"A biological model of scabies infection dynamics and treatment explains why mass drug administration does not lead to elimination","author":"Lydeamore","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib27","first-page":"e33563","article-title":"Sight the mite: a meta-analysis on the diagnosis of scabies","volume":"15","author":"Shoukat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026050406271075400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00073-15","article-title":"Development of conventional and real-time quantitative PCR assays for diagnosis and monitoring of scabies","volume":"53","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050406271075400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008229","article-title":"Diagnostic value of the molecular detection of Sarcoptes scabiei from a skin scraping in patients with suspected scabies","volume":"14","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240507","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-240507","article-title":"In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of scabies","volume":"14","author":"Lupu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026050406271075400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13676","article-title":"Videodermoscopy compared to reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of scabies","volume":"30","author":"Cinotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_482_18","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment response monitoring of scabies with reflectance confocal microscopy: a diagnostic pearl","volume":"86","author":"Fust\u00e0-Novell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20132071","article-title":"Tungiasis under dermoscopy: in vivo and ex vivo examination of the cutaneous infestation due to Tunga penetrans","volume":"88","author":"Criado","year":"2013","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026050406271075400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14863","article-title":"Dermoscopic features of tungiasis","volume":"32","author":"Kosumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007981","article-title":"Test accuracy of polymerase chain reaction methods against conventional diagnostic techniques for Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in patients with clinical or epidemiological suspicion of CL: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050406271075400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1435-1439.2006","article-title":"Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Bensoussan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026050406271075400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00386-18","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026050406271075400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011436","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011436","article-title":"Smartphone-readable RPA-LFA for the high-sensitivity detection of leishmania kDNA using nanophosphor reporters","volume":"17","author":"Danthanarayana","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026050406271075400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0013456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013456","article-title":"LAMP-coupled CRISPR-Cas12a assays for upgrading molecular detection of Leishmania infections","volume":"20","author":"Due\u00f1as","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.10.011","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas-based techniques for pathogen detection: retrospect, recent advances, and future perspectives","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026050406271075400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000629","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000629","article-title":"Diagnosing skin neglected tropical diseases with the aid of digital health tools: a scoping review","volume":"3","author":"Barnowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00233","article-title":"Teledermatology in low-resource settings: the MSF experience with a multilingual tele-expertise platform","volume":"2","author":"Delaigue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib43","volume-title":"WHO Implements Large-scale Ivermectin-based MDA for One Million Rohingya Refugees [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization (Bangladesh)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib44","volume-title":"Congratulations to WHO on the Completion of a Mass Drug Administration in Cox\u2019s Bazar [Internet]","author":"World Scabies Program","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib45","volume-title":"Newsletter: Issue 20 (Jan\u2013Mar 2024) [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization (Bangladesh)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib46","volume-title":"Scabies [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib47","volume-title":"Clinical Care of Scabies [Internet]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026050406271075400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac042","article-title":"Mass drug administration for the control of scabies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Lake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05652-0","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of permethrin resistance in human head louse populations from northwest Iran: ex vivo and molecular monitoring of knockdown resistance alleles","volume":"16","author":"Ghavami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16273","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16273","article-title":"Prevalence of permethrin-resistant kdr mutation in head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) from elementary school students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Alsaady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peer J"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib51","volume-title":"Treatment of Scabies [Internet]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026050406271075400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121116","article-title":"First report of the gene mutations associated with permethrin resistance in head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767) from primary school children in Istanbul (T\u00fcrkiye) and Nagarkot (Nepal)","volume":"13","author":"Bat\u0131r","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026050406271075400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17219","article-title":"Evaluation of resistance of human head lice to pyrethroid insecticides: a meta-analysis study","volume":"9","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026050406271075400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 2022 updated narrative review into diagnosis and management developments","volume":"23","author":"de Vries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37774\/9789275125038","volume-title":"Guideline for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis in the Americas","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2022","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026050406271075400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003058","article-title":"Treatment of tungiasis with dimeticone: a proof-of-principle study in rural Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Thielecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0046-9","article-title":"Treatment of tungiasis with a two-component dimeticone: a comparison between moistening the whole foot and directly targeting the embedded sand fleas","volume":"45","author":"Nordin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026050406271075400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.01.004","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dimeticones in the treatment of epidermal parasitic skin diseases with special emphasis on tungiasis: an evidence-based critical review","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026050406271075400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185511","article-title":"Escalating threat of drug-resistant human scabies: current insights and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Simonart","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837460","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.837460","article-title":"Tackling drug resistance and other causes of treatment failure in leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Wijnant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu039","article-title":"Huitema AD. Failure of miltefosine in visceral leishmaniasis is associated with low drug exposure","volume":"210","author":"Dorlo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050406271075400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00857","article-title":"Ros3 (Lem3p\/CDC50) gene dosage is implicated in miltefosine susceptibility in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis clinical isolates and in Leishmania (Leishmania) major","volume":"7","author":"Espada","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021464","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1021464","article-title":"Antimony resistance mechanism in genetically different clinical isolates of Indian Kala-azar patients","volume":"12","author":"Khanra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib64","volume-title":"Manual of Procedures for Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control in the Region of the Americas","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2023","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026050406271075400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220058","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.220058","article-title":"Nanomedicine-based strategies to improve treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Goonoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-018-0355-8","article-title":"Microneedle-based delivery of Amphotericin B for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Microdevices"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib67","first-page":"303","article-title":"Going below and beyond the surface: microneedle structure, materials, drugs, fabrication, and applications for wound healing and tissue regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib68","first-page":"100158","article-title":"Nanomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"12","author":"Vega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Nano"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026050406271075400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1086\/429238","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of topical imiquimod 5% with parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru","volume":"40","author":"Miranda-Ver\u00e1stegui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026050406271075400_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.12.1575","article-title":"Imiquimod in combination with meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized assessor-blind controlled trial","volume":"142","author":"Firooz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026050406271075400_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.345944","article-title":"New developments in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Dinc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026050406271075400_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02198-16","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in children and adults with cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"61","author":"Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026050406271075400_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx283","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis relapse hazard is linked to reduced miltefosine exposure in patients from Eastern Africa: a population pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic study","volume":"72","author":"Dorlo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib74","article-title":"A climatic suitability indicator to support Leishmania infantum surveillance in Europe: a modelling study","volume":"43","author":"Carvalho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Euro"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06484-2","article-title":"The spatial relationship between leishmaniases and sand flies in Europe and neighboring countries","volume":"17","author":"Berriatua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96296-w","article-title":"Species-specific variation in predicted distribution and habitat suitability of phlebotomine sand flies in Italy under different climate change scenarios","volume":"15","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026050406271075400_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.2133","article-title":"Incidence of endemic human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the United States","volume":"154","author":"McIlwee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050406271075400_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0107","article-title":"An atypical case of autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with naturally infected phlebotomine sand flies in Texas, United States","volume":"103","author":"Kipp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026050406271075400_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00814","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00814-23","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmania mexicana infections in the United States: defining strains through endemic human pediatric cases in northern Texas","volume":"9","author":"Nepal","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib80","first-page":"1441576","article-title":"Climate change and environmental influence on prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot County","volume":"2022","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kenya Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026050406271075400_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020297","article-title":"Unusual observations in leishmaniasis\u2014An overview","volume":"12","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib82","volume-title":"Guidelines on Vector Control in kala-azar Elimination [Internet]","author":"Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2024.100334","article-title":"Communicable diseases outbreaks after natural disasters: a systematic scoping review for incidence, risk factors and recommendations","volume":"23","author":"Saatchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Disaster Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10436-7","article-title":"Effect of flood on the cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in northeast of Iran: an interrupted time series study","volume":"25","author":"Majidnia","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib85","volume-title":"2023: Disasters in Numbers","author":"Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17427-4","article-title":"Developing low-cost house floors to control tungiasis in Kenya\u2013a feasibility study","volume":"23","author":"Elson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib87","first-page":"2","article-title":"Environmental and household-based spatial risks for tungiasis in an endemic area of coastal Kenya","volume":"7","author":"Hyuga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202365024","article-title":"Can domestic dogs be considered a good reservoir of leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in an endemic area of nonu lcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Honduras?","volume":"65","author":"Segura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102211","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis global prevalence over the last three decades: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"112","author":"Priolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib90","volume-title":"Tungiasis: Fact Sheet [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026050406271075400_bib91","first-page":"425","article-title":"High level of knowledge about tungiasis but little translation into control practices in Karamoja, Northeastern Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Thielecke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1670-7","article-title":"Efficacy of fluralaner administered either orally or topically for the treatment of naturally acquired Sarcoptes scabiei var. Canis infestation in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Taenzler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026050406271075400_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04395-6","article-title":"Efficacy of orally and topically administered fluralaner (Bravecto\u00ae) for treatment of client-owned dogs with sarcoptic mange under field conditions","volume":"13","author":"Chiummo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026050406271075400_bib94","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Isoxazolines for treating canine demodicosis, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and lice infestation","volume":"63","author":"Defalque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.034","article-title":"Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies and leishmania infantum infection in a rural area of southern Italy","volume":"137","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026050406271075400_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003849","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003849","article-title":"Community control strategies for scabies: a cluster randomised noninferiority trial","volume":"18","author":"Hardy","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026050406271075400_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009062","article-title":"Exploring the influence of different habitats and their volatile chemistry in modulating sand fly population structure in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Hassaballa","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026050406271075400_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009373","article-title":"New global targets for NTDs in the WHO roadmap 2021-2030","volume":"15","author":"Casulli","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026050406271075400_bib99","volume-title":"Phlebotomine Sand Flies\u2014Factsheet for Experts","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/5\/444\/67400469\/trag017.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/5\/444\/67400469\/trag017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:27:28Z","timestamp":1777890448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/120\/5\/444\/8528765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trag017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}