{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:45:02Z","timestamp":1791852302906,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001792","name":"James Cook University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sub-Saharan Africa bears the highest global burden of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. In Gabon, community-level epidemiological data remain limited and no molecular surveillance of STHs has been conducted to date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In July 2023, a community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in rural and urban areas of Ngouni\u00e9 Province, Gabon. Stool samples from 233 participants were analysed using formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation microscopy and the Allplex GI-Helminth(I) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 70.0% (95% CI 63.6 to 75.8) of participants tested positive for at least one STH by microscopy or qPCR. Trichuris spp. was the most prevalent helminth (59.2% [95% CI 52.6 to 65.6]), followed by Ascaris spp. (48.1% [95% CI 41.5 to 54.7%]), hookworms (18.5% [95% CI 13.7 to 24.0]) and Strongyloides spp. (12.0% [95% CI 8.1 to 16.9]). Microscopy identified Strongyloides fuelleborni in 2.7% of samples. qPCR detected Necator americanus in 16.7% and Ancylostoma spp. in 0.4%. Rural residence was independently associated with Ascaris spp. (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.50; p=0.007) and Trichuris spp. (AOR 2.45; p=0.008) infections. Male sex (AOR 3.83; p=0.010) and age 18\u201340\u00a0y (AOR 4.90; p=0.011) were associated with Strongyloides spp. infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>STH infections remain endemic in certain Gabonese communities. The findings highlight the need for species-specific surveillance using sensitive molecular diagnostics to inform targeted control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trag038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:46:48Z","timestamp":1774010808000},"page":"771-780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Surveillance and sociodemographic risk profiling of human soil-transmitted helminth infections in Gabon, Central Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9753-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University , Douglas, QLD 4811 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polydor N","family":"Mutombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University , Lismore, NSW 2480 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention , Addis Ababa 1000 ,","place":["Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigue","family":"Mintsa-Nguema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Tropical Ecology, National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research , Libreville, BP 13354 ,","place":["Gabon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Nkoghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Parasitaires, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 , Libreville, BP 2434 ,","place":["Gabon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julienne","family":"Atsame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Parasitaires, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 , Libreville, BP 2434 ,","place":["Gabon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Azzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, VIC 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for infection and Immunity Department of Infectious Diseases, , Melbourne, VIC 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Hor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, VIC 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee","family":"Hinaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, VIC 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1069-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryza","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, VIC 3000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Grahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University , Douglas, QLD 4811 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research \u2013 New South Wales Health Pathology and Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead Hospital , Westmead, NSW 2145 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Constantinoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University , Douglas, QLD 4811 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard S","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University , Douglas, QLD 4811 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026070709065321400_bib1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990\u20132021","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070709065321400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00033","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00033-23","article-title":"Human strongyloidiasis: complexities and pathways forward","volume":"36","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3101.240995","article-title":"Trichuriasis in human patients from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire caused by novel species Trichuris incognita with low sensitivity to albendazole\/ivermectin combination treatment","volume":"31","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.08.002","article-title":"Strongyloides fuelleborni","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"20265","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61562","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61562","article-title":"Molecular evidence of hybridization between pig and human Ascaris indicates an interbred species complex infecting humans","volume":"9","author":"Easton","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib6","article-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070709065321400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00595-4","article-title":"Review of the WHO guideline on preventive chemotherapy for public health control of strongyloidiasis","volume":"25","author":"Lo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429292125-4","article-title":"Development and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa","volume-title":"Development and poverty reduction: a global comparative perspective","author":"Addison","year":"2019"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070709065321400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe1603","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe1603","article-title":"Long-term (1990\u20132019) monitoring of forest cover changes in the humid tropics","volume":"7","author":"Vancutsem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30398-3","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections of children in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000\u201318: a geospatial analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sartorius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2016\/26774","article-title":"Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and intestinal protozoa in shanty towns of Libreville, Gabon","volume":"20","author":"M\u2019bondoukw\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Trop Dis Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070709065321400_bib12","first-page":"119","article-title":"Baseline mapping of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in the northern and eastern health regions of Gabon, Central Africa: recommendations for preventive chemotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Mintsa Nguema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0835","article-title":"Epidemiology of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth coinfections among schoolchildren living in Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon","volume":"103","author":"Dejon-Agob\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00567-z","article-title":"Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminth infections and the differential effect of treatment on the distribution of helminth species in rural areas of Gabon","volume":"52","author":"Edoa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070709065321400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13110967","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic risk factors of soil-transmitted helminths in rural communities living in endemic foci of onchocerciasis in southern Gabon","volume":"13","author":"Moutongo Mouandza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070709065321400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0013161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013161","article-title":"Community surveys of the prevalence, distribution, and coinfection of helminth and protozoan infections in semiurban and rural areas of Gabon, Central Africa","volume":"19","author":"Dejon-Agob\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35064-w","article-title":"Community survey of the infection, intensity and risk factors associated with schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in south-eastern Gabon","volume":"16","author":"Kouna","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The diagnosis of human and companion animal Strongyloides stercoralis infection: challenges and solutions. A scoping review","volume":"118","author":"Buonfrate","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026070709065321400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2022-0034","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of microscopy and molecular detections for diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths: an overview","volume":"59","author":"Miswan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026070709065321400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118202510098X","article-title":"Human, canine, and feline strongyloidiasis: beyond Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"152","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib21","volume-title":"Gabon ALMA quarterly report quarter three","author":"African Leaders Malaria Alliance","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib22","article-title":"Gabon","author":"City Population"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026070709065321400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.6.852-853.1979","article-title":"Ethyl acetate as a substitute for diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2021034","article-title":"Evaluation of the Allplex\u2122 GI-Helminth (I) Assay, the first marketed multiplex PCR for helminth diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Autier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1314-y","article-title":"Multi-parallel qPCR provides increased sensitivity and diagnostic breadth for gastrointestinal parasites of humans: field-based inferences on the impact of mass deworming","volume":"9","author":"Easton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026070709065321400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0670","article-title":"Harnessing molecular techniques to inform species-specific hookworm prevalence and infection intensity and detect Strongyloides in Dak Lak province, Vietnam","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026070709065321400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3110.250816","article-title":"Zoonotic soil-transmitted helminth infections among humans, Gabon","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070709065321400_bib28","first-page":"907","article-title":"Urban versus rural prevalence of intestinal parasites using multi-parallel qPCR in Colombia","volume":"104","author":"Bryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026070709065321400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.12.013","article-title":"Risk of human helminthiases: geospatial distribution and targeted control","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026070709065321400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2024-0025","article-title":"Morphological identification of hookworm species in five regions of Cameroon","volume":"61","author":"Dongmo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"2026070709065321400_bib31","first-page":"329","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Strongyloides fulleborni in humans in tropical Africa","volume":"14","author":"Pampiglione","year":"1972","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib32","first-page":"23","article-title":"Human strongyloidiasis due to the primate species Strongyloides fuelleborni","volume":"32","author":"Hira","year":"1980","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070709065321400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0012440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012440","article-title":"Genomic analysis of Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni in Bangladesh","volume":"18","author":"de Ree","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026070709065321400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3109.241923","article-title":"Insights into infant strongyloidiasis, Papua New Guinea","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026070709065321400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf237","article-title":"Improving molecular epidemiological surveillance of strongyloidiasis upon differentiation of Strongyloides fuelleborni fuelleborni from Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"232","author":"Cunningham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/7\/771\/68184027\/trag038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/7\/771\/68184027\/trag038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:24:37Z","timestamp":1783430677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/120\/7\/771\/8664580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trag038","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}