{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:51:48Z","timestamp":1791190308260,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006182","name":"FAPES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hansen\u2019s disease (HD, leprosy) had a global incidence of approximately 200\u00a0000 new cases per annum over the last decade. Armadillos are recognized reservoirs of Mycobacterium leprae in the Americas and HD is considered a zoonosis in the USA. Our aim was to evaluate the association between armadillo meat consumption and HD in Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a case\u2013control study (n=59 patients with HD, n=59 controls) in the state of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil, between February and December 2025. Data collected included clinical and sociodemographic, armadillo meat consumption and known (human) case contacts (KCCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Armadillo meat consumption was much more frequent among cases (59.3%) than controls (8.5%). Consumption was the strongest independent predictor of HD, with 15-fold higher odds of exposure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 16.5 [95% confidence interval {CI} 5.2 to 52.5], p&amp;lt;0.001) among cases. Odds of KCCs were five-fold higher among cases (aOR 6.0 [95% CI 2.2 to 16.8], p=0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides evidence that armadillo meat consumption is an independent transmission pathway for human M. leprae infection in Brazil. Zoonotic transmission likely accounts for some of the HD \u2018contact gap\u2019 in this setting, supporting the need for a paradigm shift towards One Health surveillance of HD in the Americas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trag054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:46:25Z","timestamp":1776858385000},"page":"1006-1011","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Armadillo meat consumption and Hansen\u2019s disease (leprosy): a case\u2013control study in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3220-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taynah A R","family":"Repsold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo Postgraduate Programme in Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, , Vit\u00f3ria, ES, 29047-105 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1239-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon M","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol, BS8 1UD ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1965-1704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca B C","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo Postgraduate Programme in Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, , Vit\u00f3ria, ES, 29047-105 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1364-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana M M","family":"de Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo Postgraduate Programme in Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, , Vit\u00f3ria, ES, 29047-105 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1679-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Bongestab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Albert Einstein , S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, 05652-900 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia D","family":"Deps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo Postgraduate Programme in Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health, , Vit\u00f3ria, ES, 29047-105 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026100504020084800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30260-8","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of leprosy new case detection in the 100 million Brazilian cohort: a population-based linkage study","volume":"7","author":"Nery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9416","key":"2026100504020084800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"363","author":"Britton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"37","key":"2026100504020084800_bib3","first-page":"365","article-title":"Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2024: beyond zero cases, what elimination of leprosy really means","volume":"100","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2026100504020084800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-30893-2_8","article-title":"Metabolic, genetic and immunological mechanisms in susceptibility to leprosy","volume-title":"Hansen\u2019s disease","author":"Moraes","year":"2023"},{"issue":"50","key":"2026100504020084800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.054","article-title":"Protective effect of the combination BCG vaccination and rifampicin prophylaxis in leprosy prevention","volume":"27","author":"Schuring","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100504020084800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMR_195_2025","article-title":"Leprosy research updates: shaping the future of global health","volume":"161","author":"Deps","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2026100504020084800_bib7","volume-title":"Towards zero leprosy. 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