{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:15:15Z","timestamp":1788340515466,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coxiella burnetii is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen, but its presence in ticks from Kashmir has not been previously documented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the prevalence, seasonal trends, and phylogenetic characteristics of C. burnetii in ticks collected from domesticated ruminants across eight districts of Kashmir. A total of 1800 ticks were harvested from 4965 cattle, sheep, and goats. Ticks were identified morphologically and subjected to PCR targeting the IS1111 insertion sequence. Positive amplicons were sequenced and analysed phylogenetically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tick infestation rate was 36.27%, with Haemaphysalis (84%) being the predominant genus, followed by Rhipicephalus (9.5%) and Ornithodoros (5.5%). C. burnetii DNA was detected in 10 ticks (0.55%) found in adult and nymphal stages of Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus from Srinagar and Kupwara districts. Infections were equally distributed between cattle and sheep, with no significant differences by tick gender or life stage. Peak prevalence was observed in summer in the month of July. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close clustering of Kashmir isolates (Cox-87 and Cox-81) with reference strains from the United States, Germany, and Indian goat-associated strains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first molecular evidence of C. burnetii in ticks from Kashmir, highlighting low-level circulation and the need for integrated surveillance and One Health strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trag056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:47:56Z","timestamp":1776858476000},"page":"969-977","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular detection of\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>\n                    in ticks from livestock in Kashmir: first evidence and molecular insights"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Altaf Hussain","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indrani","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3705-9631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashir Ahmad","family":"Fomda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Department of Microbiology, , Srinagar 190011, Jammu and Kashmir ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2104-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uksim","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Department of Microbiology, , Srinagar 190011, Jammu and Kashmir ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idrees Mehraj","family":"Allaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandary, Sher-i-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Srinagar 190011, Jammu and Kashmir ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qounsar","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Department of Microbiology, , Srinagar 190011, Jammu and Kashmir ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubashir","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Department of Microbiology, , Srinagar 190011, Jammu and Kashmir ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azhar","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahseen Bilal","family":"Rather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Physiotherapy, , Phagwara 144411, Punjab ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"140","author":"Angelakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109519","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii detected in humans and domestic ruminants in Turkey","volume":"273","author":"Ozgen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19520","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.12.19520-en","article-title":"Q fever in the Netherlands: an update on the epidemiology and control measures","volume":"15","author":"van der Hoek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.002","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"22","author":"Tissot-Dupont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.2.484","article-title":"Route of infection determines the clinical manifestations of acute Q fever","volume":"173","author":"Marrie","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib7","first-page":"373","article-title":"Serological response in sheep vaccinated against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)","volume":"35","author":"Lang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0681","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among febrile patients in Croatia, 2008\u20132010","volume":"12","author":"Vilibic-Cavlek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.05.029","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii-positive PCR in febrile patients in rural and urban Africa","volume":"28","author":"Angelakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib10","first-page":"307","article-title":"Q fever studies in India: a case of human Q fever","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"1954","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib11","first-page":"510","article-title":"Prevalence of human Q fever in South Kanara district","volume":"71","author":"Stephen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Karnataka Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib12","first-page":"510","article-title":"Human milk as a source of Q-fever infection in breast-fed babies","volume":"73","author":"Kumar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib13","first-page":"329","article-title":"Epidemic Q fever in humans in the Netherlands","volume-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol","author":"van der Hoek","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145672","article-title":"Epidemiology of rickettsial diseases","volume":"7","author":"Walker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib15","first-page":"117","article-title":"Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from Rhipicephalus sanguineus on naturally infected dogs","volume":"122","author":"Mantovani","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140138","article-title":"Study of C. burnetii human and animal seroprevalence in a rural population in Madrid community","volume":"5","author":"Tellez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.08.001","article-title":"Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ixodid ticks in Oromia","volume":"6","author":"Kumsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethiopia Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v75i1.87","article-title":"Preliminary survey of ticks (Acari: ixodidae) on cattle in Central Equatoria State, Southern Sudan","volume":"75","author":"Salih","year":"2008","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib19","volume-title":"Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: A Guide to Identification of Species","author":"Walker","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511661754","volume-title":"The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World","author":"Walker","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00178-9","article-title":"Detection of Coxiella burnetii from ovine genital swabs, milk and fecal samples using a single touchdown PCR","volume":"72","author":"Berri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-91","article-title":"IS1111 insertion sequences of Coxiella burnetii: characterization and use for repetitive element PCR-based differentiation","volume":"7","author":"Denison","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14094","article-title":"Evolutionary changes in symbiont community structure in ticks","volume":"26","author":"Duron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01874-07","article-title":"Comparison of PCR, immunofluorescence assay, and pathogen isolation for diagnosis of Q fever","volume":"46","author":"Vaidya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.17.5540-5548.1992","article-title":"A Coxiella burnetii repeated DNA element resembling a bacterial insertion sequence","volume":"174","author":"Hoover","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2024.105562","article-title":"Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from Iran","volume":"118","author":"Enferadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819002115","article-title":"Serosurvey of Coxiella burnetii in cattle and sheep in Italy","volume":"148","author":"Barlozzari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1499-8","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Coxiella burnetii in domestic ruminants in central Italy","volume":"14","author":"Di Domenico","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736284","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.736484","article-title":"Identification of tick-borne pathogens and genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in Rhipicephalus microplus in China","volume":"12","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04836-w","article-title":"Risk factors associated with tick infestations on equids in Pakistan","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00793","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2024.e00369","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii and tick vectors in pastoral Ethiopia","volume":"26","author":"Getachew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib33","first-page":"315","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in small ruminants on farms in North West Province","volume":"12","author":"Mosikidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"South Africa Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-012-9615-0","article-title":"Changing distributions of ticks: causes and consequences","volume":"59","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12809","article-title":"Risk factors associated with tick-borne diseases on horse farms","volume":"68","author":"Kamran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib36","article-title":"Molecular survey and genetic characterization of Anaplasma marginale in ticks collected from livestock hosts in Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01419.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of human Coxiella burnetii infection in Denmark","volume":"59","author":"Bacci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2026090204264168900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/9\/969\/68366491\/trag056.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/120\/9\/969\/68366491\/trag056.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:26:52Z","timestamp":1788337612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/120\/9\/969\/8690491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trag056","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}}}