{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:45:54Z","timestamp":1792057554251,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Superficial dermatophytosis (tinea) has emerged as a chronic, relapsing public health problem in India, leading to repeated healthcare visits and increasing out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE). This study aimed to estimate the magnitude and pattern of OOPE among patients with dermatophytosis attending a tertiary care hospital and identify major contributors to overall expenditure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective observational study included 102 patients with clinically and mycologically confirmed dermatophytosis. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire capturing demographic, socioeconomic, and disease-related variables. Costs related to medications, diagnostics, travel, food, lodging, and hospital-user fees were recorded at baseline and at first and second month follow-up. Expenditures were calculated in Indian rupees (\u20b9) and converted to US dollars ($).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean OOPE during the first month was \u20b93492 \u00b1 6112 ($38.9 \u00b1 68.0), ranging from \u20b9100 to \u20b99100. Medicines constituted the largest share (\u20b91899.6 \u00b1 2893.6), followed by travel costs (\u20b9824.8 \u00b1 841.6). Other components contributed minimally. In the second month, mean OOPE declined to \u20b92340.8 \u00b1 1013.8 ($26.0 \u00b1 11.3). The average monthly household income was \u20b942 720.5, with first-month OOPE accounting for \u223c8%\u201310%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dermatophytosis imposes a substantial financial burden, mainly due to medication and travel costs. Improving affordable antifungal access and public health programs may reduce OOPE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trag126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:03:31Z","timestamp":1790769811000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Out-of-pocket expenditure in dermatophytosis: a prospective observational study from a tertiary care center in India"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4574-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manavi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhdeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheetal","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavita","family":"Kavita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute Of Nursing Education , PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh-160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7719-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shankar","family":"Prinja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health , PGIMER, Sector 12 Chandigarh-160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Dogra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0464-2989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun","family":"Narang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology , PGIMER, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101504571473600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_303_20","article-title":"The unprecedented epidemic-like scenario of dermatophytosis in India: III. 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