{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1773897114158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"UK Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"La Fondation Veuve Emile Metz-Tesch"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Large numbers of tuberculosis (TB) patients seek care from private for-profit providers. This study aimed to assess and compare TB control activities in the private for-profit and public sectors in Kenya between 2013 and 2017.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using routinely collected data from the National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 421 409 patients registered and treated between 2013 and 2017, 86 894 (21%) were from the private sector. Data collection was less complete in the private sector for nutritional assessment and follow-up sputum smear examinations (p&amp;lt;0.001). The private sector notified less bacteriologically confirmed TB (43.1% vs 52.6%; p&amp;lt;0.001) and had less malnutrition (body mass index &amp;lt;18.5 kg\/m2; 36.4% vs 43.3%; p&amp;lt;0.001) than the public sector. Rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and antiretroviral therapy initiation were &amp;gt;95% and &amp;gt;90%, respectively, in both sectors, but more patients were HIV positive in the private sector (39.6% vs 31.6%; p&amp;lt;0.001). For bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB, cure rates were lower in the private sector, especially for HIV-negative patients (p&amp;lt;0.001). The private sector had an overall treatment success of 86.3% as compared with the public sector at 85.7% (p&amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The private sector is performing well in Kenya although there are programmatic challenges that need to be addressed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]],"date-time":"2019-06-09T19:07:02Z","timestamp":1560107222000},"page":"740-748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tuberculosis control activities in the private and public health sectors of Kenya from 2013 to 2017: how do they compare?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0378-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice W","family":"Mailu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Owiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Ade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Paris, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University de Parakou, Parakou, Benin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony D","family":"Harries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Paris, France"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Manzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Med\u00e9cins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, Luxembourg Operational Research Department, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Omesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Polly","family":"Kiende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Macharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Mbithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kamene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2019121207371712900_trz062C1","first-page":"1274","article-title":"Public-private mix for control of tuberculosis and TB-HIV in Nairobi, Kenya: outcomes, opportunities and obstacles","volume":"12","author":"Chakaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019121207371712900_trz062C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0337-8","article-title":"Engagement of public and private medical facilities in tuberculosis care in Myanmar: contributions and trends over an eight-year period","volume":"6","author":"Nwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2019121207371712900_trz062C3","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report, 2012","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"2019121207371712900_trz062C4","volume-title":"The End TB Strategy. 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