{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:29:20Z","timestamp":1791822560837,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1017518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1017518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji. We sought to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and case fatality risk of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through December 2015.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blood culture-positive patients were identified from a typhoid surveillance line list. A standardised case investigation form was used to record data from patients\u2019 medical records.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 542 patients, 518 (95.6%) were indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) and 285 (52.6%) were male. The median (IQR) age was 25 (16\u201338) y. Mean (SD) time from the onset of illness to admission was 11.1 (6.9) d. Of 365 patients with clinical information, 346 (96.9%) had fever, 239 (66.9%) diarrhoea, 113 (33.5%) vomiting, and 72 (30.2%) abdominal pain. There were 40 (11.0%) patients with complications, including 17 (4.7%) with shock, and 11 (3.0%) with hepatitis. Nine patients died for a case fatality risk of 1.7%. Of the 544 Salmonella Typhi isolates tested, none were resistant to first line antimicrobials; 3(0.8%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 5(1.4%) to nalidixic acid.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Fiji, most blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever cases were in young adults. Common clinical manifestations were fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Further studies are required to elucidate the factors associated with complications and death.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T23:10:57Z","timestamp":1563232257000},"page":"764-770","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A retrospective study of patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in Fiji during 2014\u20132015: epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and outcome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Aneley Getahun","family":"S","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Private mail bag, Suva, Fiji"},{"name":"Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, The Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE UK"},{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Nagasaki, 12, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, 55 Hanover Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varanisese","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiji Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Tamavua, Suva, Fiji"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Jenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Private mail bag, Suva, Fiji"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Waimanu Road, Suva, Fiji"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Mulholland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A","family":"Strugnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2019121207371546200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections","volume":"28","author":"Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019121207371546200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10159","key":"2019121207371546200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10159","key":"2019121207371546200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Causes of Death Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref5","volume-title":"Population and housing census 2017","author":"Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref6","author":"Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics. Population and housing census 2007. Suva, Fiji","year":"2008"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref7","volume-title":"Annual Report 2016, Suva, Fiji","author":"Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019121207371546200_ref8","first-page":"53","article-title":"Laboratory-based Salmonella surveillance in Fiji, 2004-2005","volume":"12","author":"Dunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pac Health Dialog"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref9","author":"Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref10","author":"Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019121207371546200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0728","article-title":"Impact of a targeted typhoid vaccination campaign following cyclone Tomas, Republic of Fiji, 2010","volume":"90","author":"Scobie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019121207371546200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12367","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Fiji: a reversible plague?","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019121207371546200_ref13","first-page":"31","article-title":"The incidence of typhoid fever in Fiji from 1995-2009","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fiji Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref14","author":"Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref15","first-page":"124","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Fiji in 1982: I: epidemiological aspects","volume":"11","author":"Ram","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fiji Med. J."},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref16","first-page":"134","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Fiji in 1982: III: clinical cases at Colonial War Memorial Hospital","volume":"11","author":"Naidu","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fiji Med. J."},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref17","first-page":"130","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Fiji in 1982: II: clinical cases at the Levuka Hospital","volume":"11","author":"Narayan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fiji Med. J."},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref18","volume-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"issue":"22","key":"2019121207371546200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9487","key":"2019121207371546200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67181-4","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"366","author":"Bhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref21","first-page":"19087","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019121207371546200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: Disease burden and implications for controls","volume":"86","author":"Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref23","author":"Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019121207371546200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12644","article-title":"Enteric fever in the Pacific: a regional retrospective study from Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"45","author":"Lane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019121207371546200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006033","article-title":"Restaurant-associated outbreak of Salmonella typhi in Nauru: an epidemiological and cost analysis","volume":"127","author":"Olsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019121207371546200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051823","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of typhoid fever in Pemba, Zanzibar: assessment of the performance of the WHO case definitions","volume":"7","author":"Thriemer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-73","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in Vietnam","author":"Parry","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019121207371546200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.05.020407","article-title":"Systematic review of the global epidemiology, clinical and laboratory profile of enteric fever","volume":"5","author":"Azmatullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2019121207371546200_ref29","first-page":"2018","author":"National Food and Nutrition Centre","journal-title":"2015 Fiji national nutrition survey results."},{"issue":"11","key":"2019121207371546200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111768","article-title":"Typhoid outbreak in Songkhla, Thailand 2009-2011: clinical outcomes, susceptibility patterns and reliability of serology tests","volume":"9","author":"Limpitikul","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7558","key":"2019121207371546200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7558.78","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever","volume":"333","author":"Bhutta","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/113\/12\/764\/31501654\/trz075.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article-pdf\/113\/12\/764\/31501654\/trz075.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T07:37:29Z","timestamp":1576136249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/trstmh\/article\/113\/12\/764\/5602275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trz075","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-9203","1878-3503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-9203","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-3503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]]}}}