{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T11:49:53Z","timestamp":1781264993731,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Li Huan-ying Medical Foundation","award":["20160725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160725"]}]},{"name":"American Leprosy Missions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although multidrug therapy (MDT) has been widely used for the treatment of leprosy for nearly 40\u00a0y, the disease remains a public health concern in some areas. The early detection of leprosy cases is vital to interrupt Mycobacterium leprae transmission, but currently diagnosis is typically achieved during the recognition of clinical symptoms by professional staff performing physical examinations in conjunction with microbiological assessment of slit skin smears (SSSs) and histopathology. In the last 10\u00a0y, serum antibody detection tests have emerged to aid leprosy diagnosis. Here we evaluated the ability of antigens NDO-BSA and LID-1 (ML0405 and ML2331) and the conjugate of these, NDO-LID, to detect antibodies in the sera of 113 leprosy patients and 166 control individuals in Yunnan province in southwest China. We found that each antigen was readily detected by sera from multibacillary (MB) patients, with sensitivities of 97.3%, 97.3% and 98.6% for NDO-BSA, LID-1 and NDO-LID, respectively. Even among paucibacillary (PB) patients the antigens detected antibodies in 74.4%, 56.4% and 69.2% of serum samples, respectively. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis indicated that, irrespective of the leprosy case classification as MB or PB, the detection efficiency obtained with NDO-LID was better than that obtained with the other two antigens (with LID-1 being a slightly better than NDO-BSA). Our results indicate the utility of NDO-LID in assisting in the diagnosis of PB and MB leprosy patients and that these antibody detection assays represent powerful diagnostic tools. We suggest that could be implemented into the procedures of local health centres in leprosy-endemic regions to assist in earlier diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T12:13:02Z","timestamp":1564747982000},"page":"193-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evaluation of antibody detection against the NDO-BSA, LID-1 and NDO-LID antigens as confirmatory tests to support the diagnosis of leprosy in Yunnan province, southwest China"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Jian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases (100086), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang","family":"Xiujian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Yuangang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases (100086), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases (100086), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lianchao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases (100086), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm S","family":"Duthie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases (100086), Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020032412374087000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006","article-title":"The continuing challenges of leprosy","volume":"19","author":"Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032412374087000_ref2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032412374087000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1489\/0020-7349(2004)72<278:VOTWOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Validity of the WHO operational classification and value of other clinical signs in the classification of leprosy","volume":"72","author":"Norman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020032412374087000_ref4","first-page":"382","article-title":"Evidence for species-specific lipid antigens in Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"48","author":"Brennan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020032412374087000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.147.3.728-735.1981","article-title":"A novel phenolic glycolipid from Mycobacterium leprae possibly involved in immunogenicity and pathogenicity","volume":"147","author":"Hunter","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"issue":"4615","key":"2020032412374087000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6348948","article-title":"A serological test for leprosy with a glycolipid specific for Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"221","author":"Young","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032412374087000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00472-10","article-title":"Analysis of antibody responses to Mycobacterium leprae phenolic glycolipid I, lipoarabinomannan, and recombinant proteins to define disease subtype-specific antigenic profiles in leprosy","volume":"18","author":"Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032412374087000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.43.1.245-252.1984","article-title":"Chemical synthesis and serology 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LID-NDO","volume":"10","author":"Amorim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032412374087000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1991-1995.2003","article-title":"Simple and fast lateral flow test for classification of leprosy patients and identification of contacts with high risk of developing leprosy","volume":"41","author":"B\u00fchrer-S\u00e9kula","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2020032412374087000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000900010","article-title":"Unveiling healthy carriers and subclinical infections among household contacts of leprosy patients who play potential roles in the disease chain of transmission","volume":"107","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"issue":"5","key":"2020032412374087000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000500003","article-title":"Early detection of leprosy by examination of household contacts, determination of serum anti-PGL-1 antibodies and consanguinity","volume":"106","author":"Bazan-Furini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"issue":"6","key":"2020032412374087000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001711","article-title":"Impact of PGL-I seropositivity on the protective effect of BCG vaccination among leprosy contacts: a cohort study","volume":"6","author":"D\u00fcppre","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"2020032412374087000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006083","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of anti-PGL-I serology in contacts of leprosy patients in 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PGL-I","volume":"2013","author":"Qiong-Hua","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trop Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2020032412374087000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru093","article-title":"Utility of recombinant proteins LID-1 and PADL in screening for Mycobacterium leprae infection and leprosy","volume":"108","author":"Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020032412374087000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-497","article-title":"Development of a quantitative rapid diagnostic test for multibacillary leprosy using smart phone technology","volume":"13","author":"Cardoso","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020032412374087000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02085-13","article-title":"Rapid quantitative serological test for detection of infection with Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy","volume":"52","author":"Duthie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2020032412374087000_ref42","article-title":"Quantitative lateral flow strip assays as user-friendly tools to detect biomarker profiles for leprosy","volume":"6","author":"Hooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2020032412374087000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1221-2","article-title":"Specific IgG antibody responses may be used to monitor leprosy treatment efficacy and as recurrence prognostic markers","volume":"30","author":"Duthie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2020032412374087000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000900014","article-title":"Identification of serological biomarkers of infection, disease progression and treatment efficacy for 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