{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:11:30Z","timestamp":1788459090651,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007382","name":"Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Amap\u00e1"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006346","name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006506","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade","award":["MS\/SVS\u2014TC 318\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS\/SVS\u2014TC 318\/2013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["475142\/2013\u20136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["475142\/2013\u20136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) have a high risk of viral infections. To date, there is a paucity of information on HIV infection among PWUDs in remote Brazilian regions. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with HIV-1 infection among PWUDs in northern Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sociodemographic, economic, drug use and health-related information were collected through interviews from a community-recruited, multi-site sample of 1753 PWUDs. The blood samples collected were tested for the presence of HIV-1 using chemiluminescence immunoassay and PCR or western blotting. Logistic regressions identified factors independently associated with HIV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 266 (15.2%) PWUDs were HIV-1 positive. Hepatitis B virus and\/or hepatitis C virus nucleic acid was detected in 65 (3.7%) PWUDs infected by HIV-1. The factors associated with HIV-1 infection were male gender, older age, a lower educational level and a lower income, crack cocaine use, a longer drug use history and a history of drug injection and engagement in unsafe sex, sex work and a higher number of sexual partners.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current study provides unique, initial insights into HIV and co-infection status and pertinent risk factors among PWUDs in northern Brazil, with clear and diverse implications for urgently improved prevention and treatment intervention needs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T08:36:16Z","timestamp":1569918976000},"page":"213-221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for HIV-1 infection in 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