{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:41:41Z","timestamp":1769578901389,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department at WHO"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic valvular heart disease that is responsible for a heavy burden of premature mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The total costs of RHD are important to health policy and research investment decisions. We estimate for the first time the total cost of RHD for Fiji (2008\u20132012) using a cost-of-illness approach and novel primary data on RHD disease burden and costs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RHD cases were identified using probabilistic record linkage across four routine data sources: (1) the Fiji RHD Control Program, (2) national hospital admissions records, (3) the Ministry of Health database of cause-specific deaths and (4) hospital ECG clinic registers. For each individual with RHD, we obtained information on RHD hospital admissions, treatment and death. We conducted a prevalence-based cost-of-illness analysis, including bottom-up assessment of indirect and direct (healthcare) costs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The estimated cost of RHD in Fiji for 2008\u20132012 was year-2010 $FJ91.6 million (approximately US$47.7 million). Productivity losses from premature mortality constituted the majority of costs (71.4%). Indirect costs were 27-fold larger than the direct costs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RHD leads to a heavy economic burden in Fiji. Improved prevention strategies for RHD will likely confer substantial economic benefits to the country.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T12:30:09Z","timestamp":1584707409000},"page":"483-491","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The cost-of-illness due to rheumatic heart disease: national estimates for Fiji"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Rachel C","family":"Heenan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Parks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"B\u00e4rnighausen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA"},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal 4013, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji"},{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Bloom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C","family":"Steer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020070405340606400_ref1","volume-title":"Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 20 October \u2013 1 November 2001","author":"WHO Study Group on Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020070405340606400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp078039","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease in developing countries","volume":"357","author":"Carapetis","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020070405340606400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X","article-title":"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases","volume":"5","author":"Carapetis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020070405340606400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00772.x","article-title":"Systematic review of rheumatic heart disease prevalence in children in developing countries: the role of environmental factors","volume":"38","author":"Steer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"2020070405340606400_ref5","first-page":"327","article-title":"High prevalence of rheumatic heart disease by clinical and echocardiographic screening among children in Fiji","volume":"18","author":"Steer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020070405340606400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02312.x","article-title":"Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Fiji: prospective surveillance, 2005-2007","volume":"190","author":"Steer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"key":"2020070405340606400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2012.02446.x","article-title":"Mortality and hospitalisation costs of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in New Zealand","volume":"48","author":"Milne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"issue":"12","key":"2020070405340606400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.09.145","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease and its control in the Pacific","volume":"7","author":"Colquhoun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020070405340606400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.162","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of rheumatic heart disease in the developing world","volume":"6","author":"Steer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2020070405340606400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1086\/444505","article-title":"Prospects for a group A streptococcal vaccine: rationale, feasibility, and obstacles \u2013 report of a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases workshop","volume":"41","author":"Bisno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"2020070405340606400_ref11","volume-title":"Group A streptococcal vaccine development: current status and issues of relevance to less developed countries","author":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020070405340606400_ref12","volume-title":"Vaccines and, Biologics. 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