{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:27:57Z","timestamp":1789093677134,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,10]],"date-time":"2020-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":130,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRDPJ523836-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ523836-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008921","name":"Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20180256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chicken Farmers of Saskatchewan\/Saskatchewan Chicken Industry Development Fund","award":["420832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420832"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000040","name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the last decade, the emergence of variant strains of avian reovirus (ARV) has caused enormous economic impact in the poultry industry across Canada and USA. ARVs are non-enveloped viruses with ten segments of double-stranded RNA genome. So far, only six genotyping cluster groups are identified worldwide based on sequence analysis of the \u03c3C protein encoded by the S1 segment. In this study, we performed deep next generation whole-genome sequencing and analysis of twelve purified ARVs isolated from Saskatchewan, Canada. The viruses represent different genotyping cluster. A genome-wide sequence divergence of up to 25 per cent was observed between the virus isolates with a comparable and contrasting evolutionary history. The proportion of synonymous single-nucleotide variations (sSNVs) was higher than the non-synonymous (ns) SNVs across all the genomic segments. Genomic segment S1 was the most variable as compared with the other genes followed by segment M2. Evidence of positive episodic\/diversifying selection was observed at different codon positions in the \u03c3C protein sequence, which is the genetic marker for the classification of ARV genotypes. In addition, the N-terminus of \u03c3C protein had a persuasive diversifying selection, which was not detected in other genomic segments. We identified only four ARV genotypes based on the most variable \u03c3C gene sequence. However, a different pattern of phylogenetic clustering was observed with concatenated whole-genome sequences. Together with the accumulation of point mutations, multiple re-assortment events appeared as mechanisms of ARV evolution. For the first time, we determined the mean rate of molecular evolution of ARVs, which was computed as 2.3 \u00d7 10\u22123 substitution\/site\/year. In addition, widespread geographic intermixing of ARVs was observed between Canada and USA, and between different countries of the world. In conclusion, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the complete genome of different genotyping clusters of ARVs including their molecular rate of evolution and spatial distribution. The new findings in this study can be utilized for the development of effective vaccines and other control strategies against ARV-induced arthritis\/tenosynovitis in the poultry industry worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T20:12:21Z","timestamp":1584648741000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The dynamics of molecular evolution of emerging avian reoviruses through accumulation of point mutations and genetic re-assortment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lisanework E","family":"Ayalew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khawaja Ashfaque","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelalem H","family":"Mekuria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Global One Health Initiative, Infectious Disease Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Lockerbie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly","family":"Popowich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh K","family":"Tikoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davor","family":"Ojkic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susantha","family":"Gomis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, 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