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However, the time and route of this dissemination remain unclear. For the first time, we generated host and virus genome-wide data for more than 500 patients infected with HCV-3a from the UK, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. We used the host genomic data to infer the ancestry of the patients and used this information to investigate the epidemic history of HCV-3a. We observed that viruses from hosts of South Asian ancestry clustered together near the root of the tree, irrespective of the sampling country, and that they were more diverse than viruses from other host ancestries. We hypothesized that South Asian hosts are more likely to have been infected in South Asia and used the inferred host ancestries to distinguish between the location where the infection was acquired and where the sample was taken. Next, we inferred that three independent transmission events resulted in the spread of the virus from South Asia to the UK, North America, and Oceania. This initial spread happened during or soon after the end of World War II. This was subsequently followed by many independent transmissions between the UK, North America, and Oceania. Using both host and virus genomic information can be highly informative in studying the virus epidemic history, especially in the context of chronic infections where migration histories need to be accounted for.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veab065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T11:14:53Z","timestamp":1625742893000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Using host genetics to infer the global spread and evolutionary history of HCV subtype 3a"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shang-Kuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery , Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"De Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) , Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Pedergnana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIVEGEC, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS , 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier 34000, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieh-Hsi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Building 54, Mathematical Sciences University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Th\u00e9z\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3PS, UK"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA , Centre INRAE Clermont-Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, Saint-Gen\u00e8s-Champanelle 63122, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery , Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3SY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Azim","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery , Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK"},{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3SY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042112040815900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A Global Reference for Human Genetic Variation","volume":"526","author":"The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023042112040815900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3835","article-title":"Genome-to-Genome Analysis Highlights the Impact of the Human Innate and Adaptive Immune 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