{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:45:41Z","timestamp":1790667941844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#75N93019R00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#75N93019R00028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Swine harbor genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) with the capacity to host-switch to humans, causing global pandemics. Spain is the largest swine producer in Europe and has a mixed production system that includes \u2018white coat\u2019 pigs raised intensively in modern buildings and free-range Iberian pigs that interface differently with humans, wildlife, and other swine. Through active longitudinal IAV surveillance in nine Spanish provinces during 2015\u20139, we generated forty-seven complete or near-complete genome sequences from IAVs collected from swine in both systems. Genetically diverse IAVs were identified in intensively raised white pigs and free-range Iberian pigs, including new H3N1 reassortants. Both systems are dynamic environments for IAV evolution, but driven by different processes. IAVs in white pigs were genetically related to viruses found in swine raised intensively in other European countries, reflecting high rates of viral introduction following European trade routes. In contrast, IAVs in Iberian pigs have a genetic makeup shaped by frequent introductions of human IAVs, reflecting rearing practices with high rates of human contact. Transmission between white and Iberian pigs also occurred. In conclusion, Iberian swine with high rates of human contact harbor genetically diverse IAVs and potentially serve as intermediary hosts between white pigs and humans, presenting an understudied zoonotic risk that requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veab099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T20:12:26Z","timestamp":1638216746000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evolution of influenza A virus in intensive and free-range swine farms in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Paloma","family":"Encinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA, CSIC) , Ctra. de La Coru\u00f1a Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"del Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA, CSIC) , Ctra. de La Coru\u00f1a Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayeeta","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenab","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1376-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harm","family":"van Bakel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M \u00c1ngeles Mart\u00edn","family":"del Burgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA, CSIC) , Ctra. de La Coru\u00f1a Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha I","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042113011602800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00275","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00275-16","article-title":"A Phylogeny-Based Global Nomenclature System and Automated Annotation Tool for H1 Hemagglutinin Genes from Swine Influenza A 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