{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:11:01Z","timestamp":1790309461536,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/3\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (NL and SL).","award":["75N93021C00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00015"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency emergency funding for 2022 outbreak (YB)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>From 2016 to 2020, high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses circulated in Asia, Europe, and Africa, causing waves of infections and the deaths of millions of wild and domestic birds and presenting a zoonotic risk. In late 2021, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from poultry in Canada and also retrospectively from a great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), raising concerns that the spread of these viruses to North America was mediated by migratory wild bird populations. In February and April 2022, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and broiler chickens in British Columbia, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus from bald eagle was genetically related to H5N1 HPAI virus isolated in Hokkaido, Japan, in January 2022. The virus identified from broiler chickens was a reassortant H5N1 HPAI virus with unique constellation genome segments containing PB2 and NP from North American lineage LPAI viruses, and the remaining gene segments were genetically related to the original Newfoundland-like H5N1 HPAI viruses detected in November and December 2021 in Canada. This is the first report of H5 HPAI viruses\u2019 introduction to North America from the Pacific and the North Atlantic-linked flyways and highlights the expanding risk of genetically distinct virus introductions from different geographical locations and the potential for local reassortment with both the American lineage LPAI viruses in wild birds and with both Asian-like and European-like H5 HPAI viruses. We also report the presence of some amino acid substitutions across each segment that might contribute to the replicative efficiency of these viruses in mammalian host, evade adaptive immunity, and pose a potential zoonotic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T12:44:18Z","timestamp":1661431458000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["A threat from both sides: Multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia\/Pacific and Atlantic flyways"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tamiru N","family":"Alkie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease , 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba , 50 Sifton Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomy","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food , 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea G","family":"Himsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food , 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative British Columbia , 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian H","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Reference Laboratory for AI, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge , Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food , 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola S","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hawkshead Campus, The Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane , North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"},{"name":"International Reference Laboratory for AI, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge , Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey 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