{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:19:27Z","timestamp":1788311967136,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5F31AI54737-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5F31AI54737-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K08AI39348-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K08AI39348-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI137424-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI137424-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The burden of ticks and the pathogens they carry is increasing worldwide. Powassan virus (POWV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), the only known North American tick-borne flavivirus, is of particular concern due to rising cases and the severe morbidity of POWV encephalitis. Here, we use a multifaceted approach to evaluate the emergence of the II POWV lineage, known as deer tick virus (DTV), in parts of North America where human cases occur. We detected DTV-positive ticks from eight of twenty locations in the Northeast USA with an average infection rate of 1.4\u2009per cent. High-depth, whole-genome sequencing of eighty-four POWV and DTV samples allowed us to assess geographic and temporal phylodynamics. We observed both stable infection in the Northeast USA and patterns of geographic dispersal within and between regions. A Bayesian skyline analysis demonstrated DTV population expansion over the last 50 years. This is concordant with the documented expansion of Ixodes scapularis tick populations and suggests an increasing risk of human exposure as the vector spreads. Finally, we isolated sixteen novel viruses in cell culture and demonstrated limited genetic change after passage, a valuable resource for future studies investigating this emerging virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T10:50:18Z","timestamp":1675075818000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Phylodynamics of deer tick virus in North America"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2513-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah J","family":"McMinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose M","family":"Langsjoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Bombin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M","family":"Robich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Health Institute for Research , Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Normandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi K","family":"Goethert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University , North Grafton, MA 01536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B","family":"Lubelczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Health Institute for Research , Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Health Institute for Research , Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Cosenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Health Institute for Research , Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Meagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Health Institute for Research , Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Prusinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, New York State Department of Health , Albany, NY 12237, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardis C","family":"Sabeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Health Institute for Research , Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Sam R","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University , North Grafton, MA 01536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Piantadosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30307, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1475","article-title":"The Prevalence of Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes scapularis Collected in the Hudson Valley, New York State","volume":"14","author":"Aliota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0294","article-title":"Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Powassan Virus Strains Infecting Ixodes scapularis in Connecticut","volume":"87","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121282","article-title":"Phylogeography and Re-evaluation of Evolutionary Rate of Powassan Virus Using Complete Genome Data","volume":"10","author":"Bondaryuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v45i04a02","article-title":"Increased Risk of Tick-Borne Diseases with Climate and Environmental Changes","volume":"45","author":"Bouchard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Canada Communicable Disease Report"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003537","article-title":"BEAST 2: A Software Platform for Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bouckaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.971","article-title":"Short Report: Stable\u00a0Prevalence of Powassan Virus in Ixodes scapularis in a Northern Wisconsin Focus","volume":"79","author":"Brackney","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","first-page":"366","article-title":"Homogeneity of Powassan Virus Populations in Naturally Infected\u00a0Ixodes scapularis","volume":"Virology, 402","author":"Brackney","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12476","article-title":"Evidence of Powassan\/Deer Tick Virus in Adult Black-Legged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) Recovered from Hunter-Harvested White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania: A Public Health Perspective","volume":"65","author":"Campagnolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses and Public Health"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085446","article-title":"Update on Powassan Virus: Emergence of a North American Tick-Borne Flavivirus","volume":"55","author":"Ebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0504.990423","article-title":"A Focus of Deer Tick Virus Transmission in the Northcentral United States","volume":"5","author":"Ebel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.006","article-title":"The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis: An Increasing Public Health Concern","volume":"34","author":"Eisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","article-title":"Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot Tutorial for BEAST 2","author":"Heled","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast Model Selection for Accurate Phylogenetic Estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","article-title":"Bayes Factors","volume":"90","author":"Kass","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12690","article-title":"Recent and Rapid Population Growth and Range Expansion of the Lyme Disease Tick Vector, Ixodes scapularis, in North America","volume":"69","author":"Khatchikian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","volume-title":"Powassan Virus Identification in Ticks 2022-PAHAN-629-03-08-ADV\u2019","author":"Klinepeter","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2239","article-title":"Powassan Virus Disease in the United States, 2006\u20132016","volume":"18","author":"Krow-Lucal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast Gapped-Read Alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The Sequence Alignment\/Map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","first-page":"219","article-title":"Model Selection and Parameter Inference in Phylogenetics Using Nested Sampling","volume":"68","author":"Maturana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","first-page":"708","article-title":"Powassan Virus: Isolation of Virus from a Fatal Case of Encephalitis","volume":"80","author":"McLean","year":"1959","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0586","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Powassan Virus in New England Deer, 1979-2010","volume":"88","author":"Nofchissey","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa392","article-title":"Powassan Virus Neuropathology and Genomic Diversity in Patients with Fatal Encephalitis","volume":"7","author":"Normandin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.024232-0","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Powassan Virus in North America","volume":"91","author":"Pesko","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/01647954.2021.2005141","article-title":"Prevalence and Distribution of Powassan\/Deer Tick Virus in Pennsylvania","volume":"47","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Acarology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/160.3.833","article-title":"Geographic Uniformity of the Lyme Disease Spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and Its Shared History with Tick Vector (Ixodes scapularis) in the Northeastern United States","volume":"160","author":"Qiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew007","article-title":"Exploring the Temporal Structure of Heterochronous Sequences Using TempEst (Formerly Path-O-Gen)","volume":"2","author":"Rambaut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evolution"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","article-title":"Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7","volume":"67","author":"Rambaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.6.1118","article-title":"Passive Surveillance in Maine, an Area Emergent for Tick-Borne Diseases","volume":"44","author":"Rand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0281","article-title":"Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Deer Tick Virus (Powassan Virus, Lineage II) in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Maine","volume":"101","author":"Robich","year":"2019","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/ieaa073","article-title":"A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Collecting Questing Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A Standardized Tick Dragging Protocol","volume":"20","author":"Salomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Science"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","volume-title":"Biology of Ticks","author":"Sonenshine","year":"1991"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","article-title":"Range Expansion of Tick Disease Vectors in North America: Implications for Spread of Tick-Borne Disease","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970209","article-title":"A New Tick-Borne Encephalitis-Like Virus Infecting New England Deer Ticks, Ixodes dammini","volume":"3","author":"Telford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Northern and Southern Blacklegged (Deer) Ticks Are Genetically Distinct with Different Histories and Lyme Spirochete Infection Rates","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2023022207320060700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-674","article-title":"V-Phaser 2: Variant Inference for Viral Populations","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"}],"container-title":["Virus Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ve\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ve\/vead008\/48945655\/vead008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ve\/article-pdf\/9\/1\/vead008\/49292004\/vead008.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ve\/article-pdf\/9\/1\/vead008\/49292004\/vead008.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T19:52:29Z","timestamp":1679514749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ve\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ve\/vead008\/7008731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ve\/vead008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-1577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-1577","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"article-number":"vead008"}}