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Additional human-to-swine transmission events after 1918, and a spillover of H1 viruses from wild birds in Europe, potentiated a rapid increase in genomic diversity via reassortment between introductions and the endemic classical swine lineage. To determine mechanisms affecting reassortment and evolution, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of N1 and paired HA swine IAV genes in North America between 1930 and 2020. We described fourteen N1 clades within the N1 Eurasian avian lineage (including the N1 pandemic clade), the N1 classical swine lineage, and the N1 human seasonal lineage. Seven N1 genetic clades had evidence for contemporary circulation. To assess antigenic drift associated with N1 genetic diversity, we generated a panel of representative swine N1 antisera and quantified the antigenic distance between wild-type viruses using enzyme-linked lectin assays and antigenic cartography. Within the N1 genes, the antigenic similarity was variable and reflected shared evolutionary history. Sustained circulation and evolution of N1 genes in swine had resulted in a significant antigenic distance between the N1 pandemic clade and the classical swine lineage. Between 2010 and 2020, N1 clades and N1\u2013HA pairings fluctuated in detection frequency across North America, with hotspots of diversity generally appearing and disappearing within 2 years. We also identified frequent N1\u2013HA reassortment events (n\u2009=\u200936), which were rarely sustained (n\u2009=\u20096) and sometimes also concomitant with the emergence of new N1 genetic clades (n\u2009=\u20093). These data form a baseline from which we can identify N1 clades that expand in range or genetic diversity that may impact viral phenotypes or vaccine immunity and subsequently the health of North American swine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T23:16:33Z","timestamp":1677539793000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Characterizing a century of genetic diversity and contemporary antigenic diversity of N1 neuraminidase in influenza A virus from North American swine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"David E","family":"Hufnagel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS , 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine M","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS , 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zebulun W","family":"Arendsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS , 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Claire","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Joaquin","family":"Caceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela S","family":"Raj\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , 953 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L","family":"Vincent Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS , 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tavis K","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS , 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032712273751100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00275","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00275-16","article-title":"A Phylogeny-Based Global Nomenclature System and Automated Annotation Tool for H1 Hemagglutinin Genes from Swine Influenza A Viruses","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2023032712273751100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038737","article-title":"Swine Influenza A Viruses and the Tangled Relationship with Humans","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"2023032712273751100_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01081","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01081-21","article-title":"octoFLUshow: An Interactive Tool 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