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Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) were performed using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) collected from Ugandans living with HIV who were virally suppressed on ART for &amp;gt;1\u2009year, had known seroconversion windows, and at least two archived ART-na\u00efve plasma samples. QVOA outgrowth populations and pre-ART plasma samples were deep sequenced for the pol and gp41 genes. The bayroot program was used to estimate the date that each outgrowth virus was incorporated into the reservoir. Bayroot was also applied to previously published data from a South African cohort. In the Ugandan cohort (n\u2009=\u200911), 87.9\u2009per cent pre-ART and 56.3\u2009per cent viral outgrowth sequences were unique. Integration dates were estimated to be relatively evenly distributed throughout viremia in 9\/11 participants. In contrast, sequences from the South African cohort (n\u2009=\u20099) were more commonly estimated to have entered the LVR close to ART initiation, as previously reported. Timing of LVR establishment is variable between populations and potentially viral subtypes, which could limit the effectiveness of interventions that target the LVR only at ART initiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T19:00:21Z","timestamp":1691089221000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dating reservoir formation in\u00a0virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1 in\u00a0Rakai, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6977-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward Nelson","family":"Kankaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program , 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 615 N. 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Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program , 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 615 N. 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Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8412-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jada","family":"Hackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Tomusange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program , 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taddeo","family":"Kityamuweesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program , 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiri","family":"Jamiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program , 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggrey","family":"Anok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program , 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Buule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program , 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH , 904 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH , 904 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry W","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 615 N. 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Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L","family":"Prodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Art","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, 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