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One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two \u2018Florida\u2019 clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T16:34:03Z","timestamp":1692203643000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Understanding the divergent evolution and\u00a0epidemiology of\u00a0H3N8 influenza viruses in\u00a0dogs and\u00a0horses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5442-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian R","family":"Wasik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evin","family":"Rothschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3189-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian E H","family":"Voorhees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7947-0990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie E","family":"Reedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo R","family":"Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Pusterla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8327-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura B","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Public and Ecosystems Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-3552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward C","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C","family":"Kile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1836-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin R","family":"Parrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090904315676800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in\u00a0Farmed Minks, Spain, October 2022","volume":"28","author":"Ag\u00fcero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2023090904315676800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010174","article-title":"Long-term Adaptation following Influenza A Virus Host 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