{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:12:40Z","timestamp":1785273160250,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Embassy in Mali","award":["PhD scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022077","name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Initiative TSARA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Initiative TSARA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ENSV-FVI","award":["ENSV-FVI Small Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENSV-FVI Small Grant"]}]},{"name":"French Embassy in Mali","award":["PhD scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022077","name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Initiative TSARA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Initiative TSARA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ENSV-FVI","award":["ENSV-FVI Small Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENSV-FVI Small Grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of the H9N2 subtype have become widespread in Western Africa since their first detection in 2017 in Burkina Faso. However, the genetic characteristics and diffusion patterns of the H9N2 virus remain poorly understood in Western Africa, mainly due to limited surveillance activities. In addition, Mali, a country considered to play an important role in the epidemiology of AIVs in the region, lacks more comprehensive data on the genetic characteristics of these viruses, especially the H9N2 subtype. To better understand the genetic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of H9N2 virus within this region, we carried out a comprehensive genetic characterization of H9N2 viruses collected through active surveillance in live bird markets in Mali between 2021 and 2022. We also performed a continuous phylogeographic analysis to unravel the dispersal history of H9N2 lineages between Northern and Western Africa. The identified Malian H9N2 virus belonged to the G1 lineage, similar to viruses circulating in both Western and Northern Africa, and possessed multiple molecular markers associated with an increased potential for zoonotic transmission and virulence. Notably, some Malian strains carried the R-S-N-R motif at their cleavage site, mainly observed in H9N2 strains in Asia. Our continuous phylogeographic analysis revealed a single and significant long-distance lineage dispersal event of the H9N2 virus to Western Africa, likely to have originated from Morocco in 2015, shaping the westward diffusion of the H9N2 virus. Our study highlights the need for long-term surveillance of H9N2 viruses in poultry populations in Western Africa, which is crucial for a better understanding of virus evolution and effective management against potential zoonotic AIV strain emergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T14:32:25Z","timestamp":1708353145000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Genetic insights of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Mali and phylogeographic patterns in Northern and Western Africa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1372-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idrissa Nonmon","family":"Sanogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactions H\u00f4tes-Agents Pathog\u00e8nes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT , Toulouse 31076, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 d\u2019Agronomie et de M\u00e9decine Animale (FAMA), Universit\u00e9 de S\u00e9gou , S\u00e9gou BP 24, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Guinat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactions H\u00f4tes-Agents Pathog\u00e8nes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT , Toulouse 31076, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9558-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Dellicour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels B-1050, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven , Leuven BE-3000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Adama","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service diagnostic et recherche Laboratoire Central V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire , Bamako BP 2295, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Africa (RAF) , Accra BP 1628, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane A","family":"Koita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire Appliqu\u00e9e, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali Universit\u00e9 de Bamako , Bamako E 3206, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Camus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactions H\u00f4tes-Agents Pathog\u00e8nes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT , Toulouse 31076, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9632-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariette","family":"Ducatez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactions H\u00f4tes-Agents Pathog\u00e8nes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT , Toulouse 31076, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030221413151800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.03.017","article-title":"The Use of FTA\u00ae Filter Papers for Diagnosis of Avian Influenza 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