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We found widespread evidence of diversifying selection that was convergent across subtypes and CRFs, but remarkable stability in consensus sequences over time. Divergence and selection did not favor APOBEC3-interacting sites. We furthermore found that APOBEC3-induced substitutions in env and gag-pol genes increased over time and were positively associated with vif diversity. These results suggest that APOBEC3-driven adaptation in Vif is relatively rare and that permissiveness to human APOBEC3-induced substitution as a mechanism for generating diversity may be advantageous to HIV-1 evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T23:44:43Z","timestamp":1733960683000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["HIV-1 Vif global diversity and possible APOBEC-mediated response since 1980"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-2437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Lewitus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. , 6720A Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD 20817,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7038-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Henry M. 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