{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:52:14Z","timestamp":1788691934762,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In North America, raccoon rabies virus (RRV) is a public health concern due to its potential for rapid spread, maintenance in wildlife, and impact on human and domesticated animal health. RRV is an endemic zoonotic pathogen throughout the eastern USA. In 1991, an outbreak of RRV in Fairfield County, Connecticut, spread through the state and eventually throughout the Northeast and into Canada. Factors that contribute to, or curb, RRV transmission should be explored and quantified to guide targeted rabies control efforts, including the size and location of buffer zones of vaccinated animals. However, population dynamics and potential underlying determinants of rabies virus diversity and circulation in Connecticut have not been fully studied. In this study, we aim to (i) investigate RRV source\u2013sink dynamics between Connecticut and surrounding states and provinces, (ii) explore the impact of the Connecticut River as a natural barrier to transmission, and (iii) characterize the genomic diversity and transmission dynamics in Connecticut. Using RRV whole-genome sequences collected from various host species between 1990 and 2020, we performed comparative genetic and Bayesian phylodynamic analyses at multiple spatial scales. We analyzed 71 whole-genome sequences from Connecticut, including 21 recent RRV specimens collected at the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory that we sequenced for this study. Our analyses revealed evidence of RRV incursions over the US\u2013Canada border, including bidirectional spread between Quebec and Vermont. Additionally, we highlighted the importance of Connecticut and New York in seeding RRV transmission in eastern North America, including two introduction events from New York to Connecticut that resulted in sustained local transmission. While RRV transmission does occur across the Housatonic and Connecticut Rivers, we demonstrated the distinct presence of spatial structuring in the phylogenetic trees and characterized the directionality of RRV migration. The significantly higher mean transition rates from locations east to west of the Connecticut River, compared to west to east, may be leveraged in directing interventions to fortify these natural barriers. Ultimately, the findings of these international, regional, and state analyses can inform targeted control programs, vaccination efforts, and enhanced surveillance at borders of key viral sources and sinks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T01:18:01Z","timestamp":1735003081000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular epidemiology, evolution, and transmission dynamics of raccoon rabies virus in Connecticut"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Veytsel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia , 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Desiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health , 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06510,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7323-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjung","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo R","family":"Risatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab H","family":"Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungmin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Sustainability, Community, and Urban Studies, University of Connecticut , 215 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06269,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05029,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia , 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , 501 D. W. 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