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Although vaccines have been widely deployed, breakthrough infections still occur occasionally. Therefore, genomic surveillance of VZV remains essential. This study collected samples from 28 VZV-infected patients in Beijing, generating 25 complete viral genome sequences. These strains exhibited high genomic similarity and all belonged to Clade 2, which we further subdivided into five subclades with distinct characteristic variants. Most newly sequenced strains carried the A20795T (gC: Ser107Thr) mutation and were classified as Clade 2b.4. Recombination analysis identified 32 putative recombination events, including both inter- and intra-clade types. Genes with diverse functions are under differential selective pressures, with 3\u201320 positively selected sites detected in ORF17, ORF33, ORF33.5, and ORF14 (gC). These findings on new subclades, frequent recombination, and rapidly changing genes crucial for viral adaptation are important for controlling future outbreaks and improving vaccine effectiveness. The research provided critical resources for investigating VZV genomic evolution in Beijing and to offer new insights into viral evolution and transmission patterns for public health initiatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:13:20Z","timestamp":1758629600000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decoding VZV\u2019s evolutionary arsenal: how Beijing strains use recombination and adaptive mutations to thrive"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0349-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050010 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2428-8630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changcheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206 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,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang 050017 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