{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:39:49Z","timestamp":1791988789519,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain, Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Program","award":["RYC2021-033472-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-033472-I"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry"},{"name":"Animal Disease Management Technology Advancement Support Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122057-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122057-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FLU-SWITCH Era-Net ICRAD","award":["862605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2021\u20132022 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) epizootic was the worst ever recorded in Europe in general and in Spain in particular. Between December 2021 and November 2022, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses caused outbreaks in both wild birds and domestic poultry in Spain. We analysed the complete genome sequences of H5N1 HPAI viruses identified during this period in Spain and conducted comparative phylogenetic analyses to identify their origin and reconstruct their evolutionary and diffusion dynamics. We identified four different genetic reassortants of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses. Our results suggest multiple wild bird introductions of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses into different regions of Spain from other European countries. Bayesian phylodynamic analyses of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses support that their initial entry into Spain occurred in the North-West and South-West through wild birds, which further spread the viruses to other regions within Spain. Andalusia (South) was the hotspot for maintenance of viruses in poultry. Wild Anseriformes played a crucial role in the introduction of the viruses into Spain and the subsequent transmission of these viruses to other host types of birds, both wild and domestic. This study highlights the role of wild birds in the ecology of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses and provides further insight into the genetic diversity, evolution, and spread of these viruses between wild birds and poultry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T12:40:00Z","timestamp":1769776800000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wild birds drive the introduction, maintenance, and spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Spain, 2021\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrew Y","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Konkuk University Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5066-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Giussani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambra","family":"Pastori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie , viale dell'universita 10, Legnaro, Padua 35020 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Ag\u00fcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food , Ctra. M-106, Km 1,4 Algete 28110, Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e0lia","family":"Maj\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Edifici CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB) , Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Travessera dels Turons s\/n, Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB) , Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6920-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kateri","family":"Bertran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Edifici CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB) , Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Edifici CReSA, Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB) , Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022412253494800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1637\/7634-042806r1.1","article-title":"A fully automated procedure for the high-throughput detection of avian influenza virus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction","volume":"51","author":"Ag\u00fcero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"2026022412253494800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300001","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza a(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022","volume":"28","author":"Ag\u00fcero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2026022412253494800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.171860","article-title":"Comparison of 2016-17 and previous epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 Guangdong lineage in Europe","volume":"24","author":"Alarcon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026022412253494800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac077","article-title":"A threat from both sides: multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia\/Pacific and Atlantic flyways","volume":"8","author":"Alkie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Evolution"},{"key":"2026022412253494800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327939","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2327939","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology and Phylodynamics of the \u201cfirst wave\u201d of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b) in British Columbia and the Yukon, Canada, April to September 2022","volume":"2024","author":"Andrew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2026022412253494800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060156","article-title":"The emergence and decennary distribution of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx","volume":"7","author":"Antigua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026022412253494800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07289","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7289","article-title":"Avian influenza overview December 2021\u2013March 2022","volume":"20","author":"Authority, E. 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