{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:10:53Z","timestamp":1784056253608,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":177,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Cohesion Policy Programme","award":["2021\u20132027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u20132027"]}]},{"name":"ECHOHEALTH: ERA Chair in Integrative One Health Informatics","award":["1.1.1.5\/2\/24\/A\/002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.5\/2\/24\/A\/002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001864","name":"Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-11.3e\/20\/64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-11.3e\/20\/64"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Research Area","award":["1.1.1.5\/17\/I\/002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.5\/17\/I\/002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, can productively infect a variety of animal hosts. The evidence suggests that both wild and farmed animal populations supporting continuous transmission present us with novel concerning genotypes of SARS-CoV-2. This is especially worrisome within large and dense populations of farmed animals, such as minks, for which spillbacks of \u2018mink genotypes\u2019 to the human population have been recorded on numerous occasions. In this study, we present the results of continuous clinical, virological, serological, and genomic surveillance during the period of 11 months of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak at the largest Latvian mink farm with \u02c3300\u2009000 animals. Using the One Health approach, the COVID-19 status of minks and farm workers was constantly monitored during the surveillance period. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome was confirmed in 299 minks and 32 farm workers during the outbreak. The phylogenetic analysis of 188 mink and 14 human SARS-CoV-2 isolates linked to the farm provided insight into the evolution of the virus in situ and contributed to epidemiological investigation. The results revealed that SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.177.60 was initially introduced to the mink farm by an infected farm worker between 17 February and 23 March 2021, and subsequently spread among the minks. Surveillance in the affected farm showed fluctuating virus circulation. Although the average seroprevalence in samples taken from live minks was 76.92%, a fluctuating course of infection was observed from April 2021 to March 2022. Despite the implementation of strict preventive and control measures at the farm, several additional SARS-CoV-2 strain introductions were identified during 11 months. The initial introduction of a common viral strain circulating among the people at the time soon resulted in the co-circulation of multiple sister sublineages that have evolved some concerning spike protein amino acid substitutions. Subsequent other lineage introductions into the farm were not able to spread among minks. Several independent cases of farm workers infected with genotypes restricted to this mink farm were documented throughout the study timeframe. However, the \u2018Latvian mink genotypes\u2019 were not detected in the general human population beyond epidemiologic association with the given mink farm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:49:06Z","timestamp":1782388146000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 caused infection in farmed minks: continuous surveillance of an 11-month outbreak at the largest Latvian mink farm"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0145ikita","family":"Zrelovs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Core Facility & Genome Centre, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Ratsupites street 1, k-1, Riga LV-1067 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edv\u012bns","family":"O\u013c\u0161evskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment \u00abBIOR\u00bb , Lejupes street 3, Riga LV-1076 ,","place":["Latvia"]},{"name":"Veterinary Surveillance Department, Food and Veterinary Service of the Republic of Latvia , Peldu street 30, Riga LV-1050 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurijs","family":"Perevo\u0161\u010dikovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Risk Analysis and Prevention, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of the Republic of Latvia , Duntes street 22, k-5, Riga LV-1005 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivars","family":"Silami\u0137elis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Core Facility & Genome Centre, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Ratsupites street 1, k-1, Riga LV-1067 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alise","family":"Jakovele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Core Facility & Genome Centre, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Ratsupites street 1, k-1, Riga LV-1067 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krist\u012bne","family":"Lamberga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment \u00abBIOR\u00bb , Lejupes street 3, Riga LV-1076 ,","place":["Latvia"]},{"name":"Veterinary Surveillance Department, Food and Veterinary Service of the Republic of Latvia , Peldu street 30, Riga LV-1050 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aivars","family":"B\u0113rzi\u0146\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment \u00abBIOR\u00bb , Lejupes street 3, Riga LV-1076 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monta","family":"Br\u012bv\u012bba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Core Facility & Genome Centre, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Ratsupites street 1, k-1, Riga LV-1067 ,","place":["Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u0101nis","family":"Klovi\u0146\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Core Facility & Genome Centre, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Ratsupites street 1, 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