{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:53:36Z","timestamp":1786121616992,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":185,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"One Health PACT","award":["NWA.1160.18.210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA.1160.18.210"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["874735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874735"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe project LEAPS","award":["101094685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101094685"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC Institute Strategic Grants to the Roslin Institute","award":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002C"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC Institute Strategic Grants to the Roslin Institute","award":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mosquito-borne viruses are expanding their geographic range in Europe, increasingly affecting wildlife and human health. Usutu virus (USUV), a zoonotic mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus with birds as amplifying hosts, has caused large-scale avian mortality in Europe, particularly among Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula). Although USUV is not considered a major human health threat, it is closely related to other human-pathogenic arboviruses. Its emergence in northwestern Europe may indicate increasingly suitable conditions for other arboviruses that could follow similar transmission dynamics upon emergence in this setting. In the Netherlands, USUV was first detected in 2016, caused major outbreaks in birds until 2018, and resurged in 2022. Here, we conduct phylodynamic and phylogeographic analyses to reconstruct the emergence and persistence dynamics of USUV in the Netherlands. We analyse 298 near-full-length viral genomes obtained from birds and mosquitoes from the Netherlands, combined with publicly available USUV genomes. We identify multiple independent USUV introductions into the Netherlands region, leading to the apparent enzootic establishment of two predominant clades from lineage Africa 3 in this broader region. For these two clades, our analyses show a temporal pattern consistent with invasion followed by local persistence, associated with a substantial spatial intermixing of viral lineages circulating in the region. Landscape phylogeographic analyses further suggest a possible tendency for USUV lineages to circulate in urbanized areas and regions with higher human population density, though future work should assess whether this pattern reflects true ecological preference or reporting bias. In a context with recurrent outbreaks of West Nile virus in northwestern Europe, this study provides insight into the dynamics of emergence and establishment of a closely related mosquito-borne virus in a previously nonendemic temperate region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T11:55:59Z","timestamp":1783252559000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phylodynamic analyses reveal persistence and extensive intermixing of Usutu virus in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4428-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"M\u00fcnger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David F","family":"Nieuwenhuijse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnomzie C","family":"Atama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-1081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandev S","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Georgia , 310 Herty Drive, Athens, GA 30602, \u00a0","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia , Davison Life Sciences Building, 120 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk P","family":"van der Jeugd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, NIOO-KNAW , Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith M A","family":"van den Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC), Utrecht University , Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reina S","family":"Sikkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5204-2312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion P G","family":"Koopmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7760-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"G\u00e1mbaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles , CP 264\/3, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9394-1189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bas B","family":"Oude Munnink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroscience, Erasmus MC , Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9558-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Dellicour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles , CP 264\/3, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven , Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , C building, 6th floor, CP 263 1050 Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080701521344300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/JME\/TJAD139","article-title":"Relationships between water quality and mosquito presence and abundance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Avramov","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2026080701521344300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCV.2018.08.007","article-title":"Ongoing and emerging arbovirus threats in Europe","volume":"107","author":"Barzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026080701521344300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8242E","DOI":"10.2903\/SP.EFSA.2023.EN-8242","article-title":"Surveillance, prevention and control of West Nile virus and Usutu virus infections in the EU\/EEA","volume":"20","author":"Barzon","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publications"},{"key":"2026080701521344300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11623-1","volume-title":"Mosquitoes-Identification, Ecology and Control. 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