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While parvovirus-derived sequences are frequently identified in viromes, their taxonomy and host affiliation can be challenging due to high host and genetic diversity. We investigated the faecal parvovirome of 46 bats (7 insectivorous and 1 frugivorous species) from Eswatini and identified 28 novel viral species in 29 individuals (63.0%). The majority of these (22\/28, 78.6%) belonged to nine genera (including two that are previously undescribed) within the invertebrate-infecting subfamily Densovirinae. A novel virus in the genus Brevipenbrevirus (arthropod-infecting subfamily Penbrevirinae) was found in 19.6% of the animals, including several frugivorous Epomophorus wahlbergi bats. A novel bat protoparvovirus (vertebrate-infecting subfamily Parvovirnae) was found both in the faeces and blood of one Afronycteris nanus bat. A highly divergent virus (Swazi bat\u2013associated megaparvovirus 1, SwaBA-MePV-1) was found in the faeces, but not in the blood, of two insectivorous bats (Mops pumilus and Scotophilus viridis). Compared to other parvoviruses, SwaBA-MePV-1 presented two additional coding cassettes, significantly increasing its genome size. Homology modelling showed capsid protein C-terminal elongation, a previously undescribed strategy of parvoviral particle size expansion. Exploring public repositories identified 10 related uncharacterized viruses with similar genome organization and complete endogenous viral elements (EVEs) in eight beetle species, suggesting a coleopteran host affiliation. The complete genome of another highly divergent virus (SwaBA microparvovirus 1), without any detectable exogenous or endogenous relatives, was found in the faeces, but not in the blood, of one insectivorous Mops condylurus bat. Importantly, when comparing our sequences to references in Genbank, we observed that taxonomic mislabelling in sequence repositories can seriously misguide automatic taxonomy assignments (~75% of sequences initially identified as parvoviruses were discarded as false positives). These errors are amplified as new mislabelled sequences become dominant, highlighting the importance of prioritizing taxonomy validation and correct annotations in repositories. This study demonstrates that faecal samples from insectivorous chiropterans are rich in (novel) parvoviruses from various hosts. The discovery of highly divergent lineages (outside current sub-families) and EVEs helps clarify parvovirus evolutionary history and emphasizes how much of the parvoviral world remains unexplored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:59:01Z","timestamp":1783684741000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing the parvovirome of Swazi bats: novel species, highly divergent lineages, endogenous viral elements, and taxonomic challenges"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost T P","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen , \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4539-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie Teresa","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 2035 McCarty Hall D, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida , 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall,Gainesville, Florida 32611 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University of Lyon - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Epidemiology and Surveillance Support Unit , 31 Ave Tony Garnier, Lyon 69007,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi","family":"Holm Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen , \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7018-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A","family":"McCleery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida , 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall,Gainesville, Florida 32611 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1906-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ara","family":"Monadjem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology & Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria , Private bag X20, Hatfield 0028 ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini , Private bag 4, Kwaluseni, M201 ,","place":["Eswatini"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1890-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders J","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen , \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0366-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit J","family":"P\u00e9nzes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University , 370 Olsen Blvd., College Station, Texas 77845 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9959-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Canuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal 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