{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:13:52Z","timestamp":1786122832979,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":196,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Killer yeasts secrete protein toxins that inhibit other yeast strains, a trait often encoded by M satellites of L-A dsRNA viruses. These systems serve as important molecular models, yet their adaptive significance in natural settings remains unclear. This study surveyed 60 strains from a natural Saccharomyces paradoxus population in the UK to characterize dsRNA viral genomic diversity. Our survey revealed 27% of strains showed killer activity mediated by dsRNA viruses. Additionally, five of 18 nonkiller strains also contained dsRNA viruses. Deep sequencing of pooled dsRNAs from 17 strains identified six distinct M satellite types, including three novel lineages, with single-nucleotide and structural polymorphisms creating multiple variant sequences within types. Predicted preprotoxin proteins generally contained post-translational modification sites necessary for toxin maturation, although with variable numbers among different types, potentially affecting processing and expression. Eight L-A virus sequences were also assembled. These were all closely related to each other and clustered phylogenetically with viruses from other European S. paradoxus strains. Extended 5\u2032 sequence analysis revealed novel structural features in both L-As and their M satellites, including a pair of inverted repeats ending in a pair of inverted conserved motifs (GA5\u20136 and corresponding U5\u20136C in Ms and GAAUA and corresponding UAUUC in L-As), which is, in turn, flanked by a pair of direct repeats. The pair of conserved motifs also exists in all described S. cerevisiae M satellites. The observed diversity of dsRNA satellites within a single yeast population is a challenge to explain, with many evolutionary forces potentially contributing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:31:49Z","timestamp":1784205109000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic characterization and diversity of dsRNA viruses and their killer satellites in a natural population of the yeast\n                    <i>Saccharomyces paradoxus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1098-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahsan","family":"Nematbakhsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Koufopanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Cass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , White City Campus, London W12 0BZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5146-9640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin","family":"Burt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080708311635700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/107.2.199","article-title":"Genetic control of LA and L-(BC) dsRNA copy number in killer systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"107","author":"Ball","year":"1984","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026080708311635700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300001865","article-title":"Somatic segregation of the killer (k) and neutral (n) cytoplasmic genetic determinants in yeast","volume":"14","author":"Bevan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Genet Res (Camb)"},{"key":"2026080708311635700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(80)90514-0","article-title":"Translational analysis of the killer-associated virus-like particle dsRNA genome of S. 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