{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:12:10Z","timestamp":1789884730814,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":206,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twice each year, a decision is made on whether to update the strains included in the seasonal influenza vaccine to better match the most recent circulating viral strains. To characterize the antigenic properties of current seasonal influenza A strains to inform the upcoming decision about which strains to include in the 2026\u20137 Northern Hemisphere vaccine, here we perform high-throughput sequencing\u2013based neutralization assays using a library of 57 H3N2 and 34 H1N1 influenza hemagglutinins reflecting the circulating diversity of strains in late 2025 to early 2026. We assay this library against 302 human sera collected in late 2025. The resulting data set encompasses 27\u2009409 titres and provides a near real-time portrait of the human neutralizing antibody landscape against influenza virus. We find that many human sera have lower titres against the K subclade of H3N2 and the D.3.1.1 subclade of H1N1; these subclades have recently become dominant among their respective subtypes. Our measurements also reveal variability in titres to different subvariants within the K subclade of H3N2, with titres especially low to subclade K strains with additional mutations in antigenic regions D and E. We make all our data and accompanying visualizations publicly available to enable their use in vaccine-strain selection and analyses of influenza evolution and immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:44:44Z","timestamp":1784893484000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Kikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center , 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4250-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Huddleston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center , 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam A","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge , The Old Schools, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea N","family":"Loes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center , 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute , 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3665-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depts of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Gang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depts of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tachianna","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depts of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M","family":"Drapeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depts of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6297-7154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Cowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health , LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam ,","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health , LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam ,","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7314-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy H L","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health , LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam ,","place":["Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1134-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet A","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington , 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Lacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington , 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security , 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security , 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1446-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute , 360 Spear St Ste 200, San Francisco, CA 94105 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute , 360 Spear St Ste 200, San Francisco, CA 94105 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Creative Testing Solutions , 2424 W Erie Dr, Tempe, AZ 85282 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5619-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mars","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute , 360 Spear St Ste 200, San Francisco, CA 94105 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross , 180 Rustcraft Rd, Dedham, MA 02026 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2525-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A","family":"Neher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Biozentrum, University of Basel , Peterspl. 1, 4001 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge , The Old Schools, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center , 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute , 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2928-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott E","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depts of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1267-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse D","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center , 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge , The Old Schools, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082211413588700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012443","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012443","article-title":"Fitness models provide accurate short-term forecasts of SARS-CoV-2 variant frequency","volume":"20","author":"Abousamra","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2026082211413588700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"mBio","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01198-26"},{"key":"2026082211413588700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.090","article-title":"Strengthening the influenza vaccine virus selection and development process: report of the 3rd WHO informal consultation for improving influenza vaccine virus selection held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 1\u20133 April 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Zenodo \u00a02025. 10.5281\/zenodo.17281059"},{"key":"2026082211413588700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600094","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2026.31.6.2600094","article-title":"Reduced neutralising antibody responses against emerging 2025\/26 influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 subclade D.3.1 and A(H3N2) subclade K viruses among healthcare workers, Finland, August to October 2025","volume":"31","author":"Ikonen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2026082211413588700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39276-1","article-title":"Insights into the antigenic advancement of influenza A(H3N2) viruses, 2011\u20132018","volume":"9","author":"Jorquera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026082211413588700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"veaf086","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf086","article-title":"Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus to inform 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