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Despite the generality of this phenomenon across different domains of life, the timing and magnitude of decline in adaptation can vary greatly based on the idiosyncrasies of the biological system. To investigate the characteristics of adaptation deceleration in a fast-evolving virus, we propagated HIV-1 in two human T-cell lines (MT-2 and MT-4) for ~4.8\u00a0years and tracked its genome evolution through next-generation sequencing. The curated sequencing data covering the whole genome can be accessed and explored via LTEEviz, an interactive web application. Time-resolved sequencing data uncovered that despite constant fixation rate of 0.085 (MT-2) and 0.042 (MT-4) mutations per generation, the fixation kinetics of adaptive mutations changed considerably over time. The rate of fixation of adaptive parallel mutations decreased by 44% every 300 generations, while their conferred fitness gain decreased by 27% (MT-2) and 18% (MT-4) per every added adaptive mutation in their genetic background. The early and substantial deceleration of adaptation in our HIV-1 populations can, at least in part, be explained by diminishing gains of adaptive mutations. Furthermore, we identified genomic patterns consistent with a hard selective sweep that occurred in one population later in the experiment. Together, our results confirm that HIV-1 genomic evolution is characterized by a swift and substantial deceleration of adaptation while also revealing that episodes of positive selection can occur beyond the initial adaptive phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:24:04Z","timestamp":1789755844000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Substantial deceleration of adaptation of HIV-1 within 1500 generations in an experimental evolution: a genomic perspective"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2178-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Movasati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich , Universit\u00e4tstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Leemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5034-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lygeri","family":"Sakellaridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wurzburg , Sanderring 2, 97070 Wurzburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin J","family":"Metzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich 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