{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:51:40Z","timestamp":1791597100035,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":263,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA","award":["ANRS 12125\/12182\/12325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANRS 12125\/12182\/12325"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["RO1 AI 50529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 AI 50529"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that may cause acute liver disease. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, high prevalence rates are still reported in Southeast Asia and Africa, where sanitation conditions are poor. Although seven genotypes are known, including three in humans, three in non-human primates (NHP), and one recently identified in alpacas, the diversity, ecology, and evolutionary history of HAV remain poorly understood. In a pilot study of virome molecular characterization of wild African apes by using oligonucleotide probes enrichment, HAV sequences were detected in two animals (2\/105; 1.9%): one from a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from southern Cameroon, sampled in 2006, and another from a central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in northeastern Gabon, sampled in 2011, approximately 450\u00a0km apart. Two near-full-length viral genomes were successfully reconstructed using specific primer sets that were developed. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these sequences cluster within the simian HAV clade, forming a distinct cluster closely related to environmental strains from the Sanaga River in Cameroon and South Africa, yet clearly divergent from genotype V sequences (\u226515.8% nucleotide divergence in the VP1 protein). Amino acid comparisons identified residues conserved in simian HAVs and, subsequently, only in African HAV strains. These results support the classification of a supplementary African simian genotype, provisionally designated HAV-VIII. HAV-positive samples (13\/227; 5.7%) were detected in the same field sites, suggesting localized viral circulation in these populations. Bayesian time-scaled phylogenetic analysis estimated the most recent common ancestor of the human and simian HAV lineages at ~\u20092\u2009291\u00a0years ago and that of simian lineages at ~\u20091900\u00a0years ago, with a more recent diversification (~100\u00a0years ago) within the identified lineage. This study highlights the presence of HAV in wild ape populations for the first time and also the first HAV detection among NHP species in Central Africa. These findings contribute to our current understanding of the diversity and evolution of HAV and highlight the need to extend surveillance across NHP species to better assess potential zoonotic risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veag060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:26:18Z","timestamp":1789755978000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A divergent hepatitis A virus lineage in wild western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees supports localized circulation and expands HAV diversity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1168-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Sanctorum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses (TransVIHMI), University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement , 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus A C","family":"Cosentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Diversidade e Doen\u00e7as Virais, Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, s\/n, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria , Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-617 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses (TransVIHMI), University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement , 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Butel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses (TransVIHMI), University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement , 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Ndong Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et R\u00e9\u00e9mergentes (CREMER) , Virology Laboratory IMPM-IRD, Rue Elig-Essono, Yaound\u00e9, P.O. Box 1857 ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon-Pierre","family":"Ndimbo-Kumugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Biomedical Research, Virology Department , Avenue de la D\u00e9mocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5210-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Ahuka-Mundeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Biomedical Research, Virology Department , Avenue de la D\u00e9mocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa ,","place":["Democratic Republic of the Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses (TransVIHMI), University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement , 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0238-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Kouanfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et R\u00e9\u00e9mergentes (CREMER) , Virology Laboratory IMPM-IRD, Rue Elig-Essono, Yaound\u00e9, P.O. Box 1857 ,","place":["Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5081-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahidjo","family":"Ayouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses (TransVIHMI), University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement , 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6738-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses (TransVIHMI), University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement , 911 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