{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:58:01Z","timestamp":1769763481835,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical activity and nutrition-related behaviors are crucial factors in maintaining weight loss. The interplay between the motivations to consistently engage in both behaviors is a fundamental yet understudied topic. The current study examines the reciprocal effects between exercise and eating motivation and their effect on steps and energy intake over a 12-month period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were gathered from 678 NoHoW participants (a weight loss management intervention) in 3 European countries (the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Portugal), with baseline, 6-, and 12-month measures (46 \u00b1 11 years, 70% women, 83 \u00b1 15 kg), assessing exercise motivation, eating motivation, steps taken, and energy intake. The analytical plan included latent growth models and cross-lagged panels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both autonomous and controlled motivation models indicated a positive spillover effect from exercise to eating motivation and vice versa for 12 months. Increased exercise autonomous motivation was linked to heightened eating autonomous motivation, and the same relation was observed with controlled motivation. However, when it came to the relationship between motivation and steps taken or food intake, the effects were either smaller or nonexistent, except for higher initial levels of exercise-controlled motivation being associated with higher food intake after 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that during the yearlong study, there was a motivational spillover from exercise motivation to eating motivation and vice versa. This suggests that interventions focusing on increasing motivation toward behavior change in one domain also benefit other domains and thus might help increase the effectiveness of interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaaf054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T18:35:46Z","timestamp":1755023746000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exercise and eating motivation in weight loss maintenance: revisiting the motivational spillover with the NoHoW study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio L","family":"Palmeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Universidade do Porto & CIDEFES, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana V","family":"Carra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Universidade do Porto & CIDEFES, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1638-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Universidade do Porto & CIDEFES, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Acad\u00e9mico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4734-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene N","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIFI2D, Universidade do Porto & CIDEFES, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9678-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Horgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0843-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R James","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"Berit L","family":"Heitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Section for General Medicine, University of Copenhagen ,","place":["Denmark"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutta","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim ,","place":["Germany"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-10295533239350","article-title":"World health organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B2","author":"Eurostat","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12466","article-title":"Prevalence of personal weight control attempts in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038295","article-title":"When it comes to lifestyle recommendations, more is sometimes less: a meta-analysis of theoretical assumptions underlying the effectiveness of interventions promoting multiple behavior domain change","volume":"141","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000427","article-title":"Health-promotion interventions targeting multiple behaviors: a meta-analytic review of general and behavior-specific processes of change","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7812\/11-136","article-title":"Supported exercise improves controlled eating and weight through its effects on psychosocial factors: extending a systematic research program toward treatment development","volume":"16","author":"Annesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19.235","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/19.235","article-title":"Sequential changes advancing from exercise-induced psychological improvements to controlled eating and sustained weight loss: a treatment-focused causal chain model","volume":"24","author":"Annesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/17437190903414387","article-title":"The strength model of self-regulation failure and health-related behaviour","volume":"3","author":"Hagger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/00224549909598404","article-title":"Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: building self-control strength through repeated exercise","volume":"139","author":"Muraven","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12635","article-title":"Motivational and self-efficacy reciprocal effects during a 12-month\u2019 weight regain prevention program","volume":"28","author":"Palmeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12144","article-title":"Beyond single behaviour theory: adding cross-behaviour cognitions to the health action process approach","volume":"20","author":"Fleig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B12","volume-title":"Self-Efficacy. The Exercise of Control","author":"Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.1","article-title":"Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective","volume":"52","author":"Bandura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12741","article-title":"Evaluation of a new causal chain model for predicting embedded psychosocial and behavioral relationships in a community-based obesity treatment seeking maintained weight loss","volume":"62","author":"Annesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806","volume-title":"Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness","author":"Ryan","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2018.1534071","article-title":"A meta-analysis of techniques to promote motivation for health behaviour change from a self-determination theory perspective","volume":"13","author":"Gillison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2020.1718529","article-title":"A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health","volume":"15","author":"Ntoumanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0323-6","article-title":"Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults: a systematic review of self-regulation mediators","volume":"13","author":"Teixeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14228","article-title":"Motivation: key to a healthy lifestyle in people with diabetes? Current and emerging knowledge and applications","volume":"37","author":"Lakerveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-22","article-title":"Motivation, self-determination, and long-term weight control","volume":"9","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f3818f","article-title":"Exercise autonomous motivation predicts 3-yr weight loss in women","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016764","article-title":"Motivational \u201cspill-over\u201d during weight control: increased self-determination and exercise intrinsic motivation predict eating self-regulation","volume":"28","author":"Mata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B23","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Handbook of Self-Determination Research","author":"Vallerand","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2020.08.003","article-title":"A motivational pathway linking physical activity to body-related eating cues","volume":"52","author":"Carra\u00e7a","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.09.011","article-title":"Weight-focused physical activity is associated with poorer eating motivation quality and lower intuitive eating in women","volume":"119","author":"Carra\u00e7a","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2017.03.004","article-title":"Directionality in the relationship of self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mood changes in facilitating improved physical activity and nutrition behaviors: extending behavioral theory to improve weight-loss treatment effects","volume":"49","author":"Annesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B27","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Physical Activity and Obesity","author":"Baker","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029425","article-title":"The NoHoW protocol: a multicentre 2x2 factorial randomised controlled trial investigating an evidence-based digital toolkit for weight loss maintenance in European adults","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25305","DOI":"10.2196\/25305","article-title":"A theory- and evidence-based digital intervention tool for weight loss maintenance (NoHoW toolkit): systematic development and refinement study","volume":"23","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1655","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1655","article-title":"Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"337","author":"Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MOEM.0000040154.40922.14","article-title":"Why do you regulate what you eat? Relationships between forms of regulation, eating behaviors, sustained dietary behavior change, and psychological adjustment","volume":"28","author":"Pelletier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Motiv Emot"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-023-01529-8","article-title":"Are motivational and self-regulation factors associated with 12 months\u2019 weight regain prevention in the NoHoW study? An analysis of European adults","volume":"20","author":"Palmeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01940","article-title":"The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) Portuguese-Version: evidence of reliability, validity and invariance across gender","volume":"9","author":"Cid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.26.2.191","article-title":"A modification to the behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire to include and assessment of amotivation","volume":"26","author":"Markland","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112258","article-title":"Comparing self-reported energy intake using an online dietary tool with energy expenditure by an activity tracker","volume":"118","author":"Vasileiou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B36","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017","edition":"8th ed"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203807644","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming","author":"Byrne","year":"2013","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205279905","article-title":"From psychological need satisfaction to intentional behavior: testing a motivational sequence in two behavioral contexts","volume":"32","author":"Hagger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0464-4","article-title":"Stirring the motivational soup: within-person latent profiles of motivation in exercise","volume":"14","author":"Lindwall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B40","volume-title":"Exercised: Why Something We Never Evolved to Do Is Healthy and Rewarding","author":"Lieberman","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027290","article-title":"Experimental evidence for the intention-behavior relationship in the physical activity domain: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rhodes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029203","article-title":"Nonconscious processes and health","volume":"32","author":"Sheeran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2013.04.007","article-title":"Invited Guest Editorial: envisioning the next fifty years of research on the exercise\u2013affect relationship","volume":"14","author":"Ekkekakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596233.ch-012","volume-title":"Emotions in Sport","author":"Biddle","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2016.1151372","article-title":"Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories","volume":"10","author":"Kwasnicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B46","author":"Palmeira"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1348\/135910799168542","article-title":"Motivational processes and the persistence of weight-loss dieting","volume":"4","author":"Strong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025110120465913800_kaaf054-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.09.003","article-title":"Eating regulation and bulimic symptoms: the differential correlates of health-focused and appearance-focused eating regulation","volume":"9","author":"Verstuyf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image"}],"container-title":["Annals of Behavioral Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article-pdf\/59\/1\/kaaf054\/63970058\/kaaf054.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article-pdf\/59\/1\/kaaf054\/63970058\/kaaf054.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:47:02Z","timestamp":1762044422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/abm\/kaaf054\/8223519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/abm\/kaaf054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-4796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-4796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"kaaf054"}}