{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T04:22:31Z","timestamp":1768278151982,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme University of Turin and the San Paolo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["241604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme University of Turin and the San Paolo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T08:25:16Z","timestamp":1485764716000},"page":"465-473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Mode of Delivery and Asthma at School Age in 9 European Birth Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Franca","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Zugna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Annesi-Maesano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Ba\u00efz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Duijts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Forastiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hazel","family":"Inskip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cecily C.","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pernille S.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Mommers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne-Marie Nybo","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Penders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Sonnenschein-van der Voort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Sunyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maties","family":"Torrent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karien","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Vrijheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Richiardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9971","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60446-3","article-title":"Risk factors and early origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02780.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma","volume":"38","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x","article-title":"Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disesase: meta-analyses","volume":"38","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.01.029","article-title":"Cesarean section and risk of severe childhood asthma: a population-based cohort study","volume":"153","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.100875","article-title":"Asthma at 8 years of age in children born by caesarean section","volume":"64","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2010.03611.x","article-title":"Caesarean sections and risk of wheezing in childhood and adolescence: data from two birth cohort studies in Brazil","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr242","article-title":"Delivery by cesarean section and early childhood respiratory symptoms and disorders: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"174","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04021.x","article-title":"The impact of birth mode of delivery on childhood asthma and allergic diseases\u2014a sibling study","volume":"42","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-9-14","article-title":"Confounding with familial determinants affects the association between mode of delivery and childhood asthma medication\u2014a national cohort study","volume":"9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12342","article-title":"Caesarean section and allergic manifestations: insufficient evidence of association found in population-based study of children aged 1 to 4 years","volume":"102","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12385","article-title":"Mode of delivery and childhood asthma, fractional exhaled nitric oxide and interrupter resistance: the Generation R Study","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"21","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.16176","article-title":"Planned cesarean delivery at term and adverse outcomes in childhood health","volume":"314","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04058.x","article-title":"Forceps birth delivery, allergic sensitisation and asthma: a population-based cohort study","volume":"43","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12562","article-title":"The association between caesarean section and asthma or allergic disease continues to challenge","volume":"103","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.01.026","article-title":"Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery","volume":"210","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C16","volume-title":"The Global Numbers and Costs of Additionally Needed and Unnecessary Caesarean Sections Performed per Year: Overuse as a Barrier to Universal Coverage","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12060","article-title":"Pregnancy and birth cohort resources in Europe: a large opportunity for aetiological child health research","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103823","article-title":"European birth cohorts for environmental health research","volume":"120","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C19","first-page":"300","article-title":"The Danish National Birth Cohort\u2014its background, structure and aim","volume":"29","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv151","article-title":"Cohort profile: the EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development","volume":"45","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C21","first-page":"350","article-title":"Prospective cohort studies of newborns in Italy to evaluate the role of environmental and genetic characteristics on common childhood disorders","volume":"32","author":"on behalf of the GASPII and Co.N.ER Study Groups","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9735-1","article-title":"The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0340-6","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular risk factors in Portuguese women: a survey after delivery","volume":"57","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr054","article-title":"Cohort profile: the INMA\u2014INfancia y Medio Ambiente\u2014(Environment and Childhood) Project","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2005.00333.x","article-title":"Etiology of atopy in infancy: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"8 suppl","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C26","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Lifeways Cross-Generation Study: design, recruitment and data management considerations","volume":"100","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi202","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Southampton Women's Survey","volume":"35","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483","article-title":"International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods","volume":"8","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C29","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-Analysis in Context","year":"2001","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.08.009","article-title":"Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring","volume":"208","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.121189","article-title":"Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months","volume":"185","year":"2013","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303249","article-title":"Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesaren section","volume":"63","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3732","article-title":"Association of cesarean delivery and formula supplementation with the intestinal microbiome of 6-week-old infants","volume":"170","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000606","article-title":"Bacterial community structure associated with elective cesarean section versus vaginal delivery in Chinese newborns","volume":"60","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.03.008","article-title":"Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: long term infant outcomes and the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"38","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12474","article-title":"Immune homeostasis, dysbiosis and therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"179","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0486-100","article-title":"The \u201cstress\u201d of being born","volume":"254","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.014","article-title":"Cesarean delivery and hematopoietic stem cell epigenetics in the newborn infant: implications for future health","volume":"211","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2014.952435","article-title":"Is elective cesarean section associated with a higher risk of asthma? A meta-analysis","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31825fa230","article-title":"Sibling comparison designs: bias from non-shared confounders and measurement error","volume":"23","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.01.042","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma in their children","volume":"123","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2012.02805.x","article-title":"Neonatal size in term children is associated with asthma at age 7, but not with atopic dermatitis or allergic sensitization","volume":"67","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C44","article-title":"Caesarean section","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02729.x","article-title":"Current debate on the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section","volume":"118","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030254","article-title":"Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature","volume":"95","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315792111","article-title":"Secretory antibodies in breast milk promote long-term intestinal homeostasis by regulating the gut microbiota and host gene expression","volume":"111","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03925.x","article-title":"Understanding the evidence for and against the role of breastfeeding in allergy prevention","volume":"42","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C49","first-page":"411","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00786.x","article-title":"Rates of caesarean section: analysis of global, regional and national estimates","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.070169","article-title":"Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"62","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170315202507_kwx021C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00008406","article-title":"Parental understanding of wheeze and its impact on asthma prevalence estimates","volume":"28","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/185\/6\/465\/11008092\/kwx021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T23:01:50Z","timestamp":1568761310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/3044176\/Mode"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]]}}}