{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1740535835278,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["733032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the scope of the European Union (EU) human biomonitoring initiative, a multicentric study on different occupational settings from several European countries was performed, to provide information on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a known lung carcinogen. Biomonitoring approaches were used to obtain exposure data to support the implementation of new risk management measures and policy actions at the national and European levels. This work describes the Portuguese contribution to the study, which aimed to assess workers' exposure to Cr, by using exposure biomarkers (urinary chromium [U-Cr]), and industrial hygiene samples (air and hand wipes) and to link exposure to potential long-term health effects by using effect biomarkers. Exposure determinants influencing exposure were explored from the contextual information and human biomonitoring data. The ultimate goal of the study was to appraise the risk management measures contributing to minimize exposure and protect workers\u2019 health. Several occupational settings and activities were considered, including plating, welding, and painting. A control group from the Portuguese general population was also included. Data on age, sex, and smoking habits from both groups were considered in the statistical analysis. Information on the risk management measures available for workers was collected and used to identify the ones that mainly contributed to reduce exposure. Environmental monitoring and human biomonitoring revealed that painters were the highest exposed group. The use of respiratory protection equipment showed an influence on total U-Cr levels for workers involved in painting activities. Concerning early health effects, the painters presented also a significantly higher level of DNA and chromosomal damage in peripheral blood cells, as compared to the control group, suggesting a plausible association between exposure to Cr(VI) and early genotoxic effects. The results showed that workers are exposed to Cr(VI) in those occupational settings. These findings point to the need to improve the prevention and risk management measures and the implementation and enforcement of new regulatory actions at the national level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T12:25:14Z","timestamp":1731587114000},"page":"147-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HBM4EU chromates study: the Portuguese integrated and harmonized study on exposure to hexavalent chromium and related early effects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA University Lisbon , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA University Lisbon , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Edna","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa , Av. D. Jo\u00e3o II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, 1990-096 Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Ladeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, REAL, CCAL, NOVA University Lisbon , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health and Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa , Av. D. Jo\u00e3o II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, 1990-096 Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Herm\u00ednia","family":"Pinhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Bruno Costa","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Escola de Psicologia e Ci\u00eancias da Vida (EPCV), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona , Avenida do Campo Grande, 376 1749-024 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Catarina Maia","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jo\u00e3o Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) , Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (Toxomics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Campo M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0002","first-page":"20","article-title":"Quality assurance","volume-title":"Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace","author":"Aitio","year":"1996"},{"article-title":"Valeurs limites d\u2019exposition en milieu professionnel. \u00c9valuation des indicateurs biologiques d\u2019exposition et recommandation de valeurs biologiques pour le chrome VI et ses compos\u00e9s. Avis de l\u2019Anses: Rapport d\u2019expertise collective","year":"2017","author":"ANSES","key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0003"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.67","article-title":"The use of biomonitoring to assess exposure in the electroplating industry","volume":"27","author":"Beattie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl177","article-title":"An increased micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes predicts the risk of cancer in humans","volume":"28","author":"Bonassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0008","first-page":"614","article-title":"Biostatistics 104: correlational analysis","volume":"44","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqr084","article-title":"Creatinine adjustment of biological monitoring results","volume":"61","author":"Cocker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Med (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2015.1001373","article-title":"A review on airway biomarkers: exposure, effect and susceptibility","volume":"9","author":"Corradi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105045","article-title":"Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Part II. Hazard assessment of carcinogenic effects","volume":"126","author":"den Braver-Sewradj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"volume-title":"Application for authorisation: establishing a reference dose response relationship for carcinogenity of hexavalent chromium","year":"2013","author":"ECHA","key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0013"},{"author":"European Commission: Directive 2004\/37\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work","key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0040"},{"article-title":"SCOEL\/REC\/386 Chromium VI compounds : recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits, Publications Office","year":"2017","author":"European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion","key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0039"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113725","article-title":"HBM4EU chromates study\u2014reflection and lessons learnt from designing and undertaking a collaborative European biomonitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium","volume":"234","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114073","article-title":"From science to policy: how European HBM indicators help to answer policy questions related to phthalates and DINCH exposure","volume":"247","author":"Gerofke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108990","article-title":"A harmonized occupational biomonitoring approach","volume":"191","author":"Hopf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322x.1990.10389587","article-title":"Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values","volume":"5","author":"Hornung","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl Occup Environ Hyg"},{"volume-title":"Respiratory protective equipment at work: a practical guide","year":"2013","author":"HSE","key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0018"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0019","first-page":"147","article-title":"Chromium (VI) compounds","volume-title":"IARC monographs\u2014volume 100C, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic","author":"IARC","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0022","article-title":"Elements on wipes: NIOSH method 9102","volume-title":"NIOSH manual of analytical methods (NMAM)","author":"NIOSH","year":"2003","edition":"4"},{"journal-title":"Metal and Metalloid Particulates in Workplace Atmospheres (ICP Analysis). Sampling and analytical methods. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20210, USA","year":"2002","author":"OSHA","key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0041"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy004","article-title":"Exposure to hexavalent chromium in welders: results of the WELDOX II field study","volume":"62","author":"Pesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.11124\/jbisrir-2015-1817","article-title":"Glove utilization in the prevention of cross transmission: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Picheansanthian","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa107","article-title":"Is urinary chromium specific to hexavalent chromium exposure in the presence of Co-exposure to other chromium compounds? A biomonitoring study in the electroplating industry","volume":"65","author":"Remy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114099","article-title":"The HBM4EU chromates study\u2014outcomes and impacts on EU policies and occupational health practices","volume":"248","author":"Santonen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111984","article-title":"HBM4EU chromates study\u2014overall results and recommendations for the biomonitoring of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium","volume":"204","author":"Santonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108583","article-title":"Setting up a collaborative European human biological monitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium","volume":"177","author":"Santonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.03.013","article-title":"Characterisation of exposure to total and hexavalent chromium of welders using biological monitoring","volume":"178","author":"Scheepers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"article-title":"HTP-Arvot 2020 - Haitallisiksi Tunnetut Pitoisuudet, Ed. Valtioneuvoston hallintoyksikk\u00f6, Julkaisutuotanto Kannen kuvat: Tuula Holopainen, Irmeli Huhtala, Kuvatoimisto Rodeo, Shutterstock Helsinki","year":"2020","author":"STM","key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0032"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822946-0.00007-6","article-title":"Chromium","volume-title":"Handbook on the toxicology of metals","author":"Sun","year":"2022","edition":"5"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10080483","article-title":"HBM4EU chromates study\u2014genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium","volume":"10","author":"Tavares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110998","article-title":"Biomarkers of effect as determined in human biomonitoring studies on hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the period 2008\u20132020","volume":"197","author":"Ventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109881","article-title":"Assessment of the microbial contamination of mechanical protection gloves used on waste sorting industry: a contribution for the risk characterization","volume":"189","author":"Viegas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025022601572917400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063683","article-title":"HBM4EU chromates study: determinants of exposure to hexavalent chromium in plating, welding and other occupational settings","volume":"19","author":"Viegas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/69\/2\/147\/60964023\/wxae091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/69\/2\/147\/60964023\/wxae091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T01:57:44Z","timestamp":1740535064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/69\/2\/147\/7917522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxae091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2398-7308"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2398-7316"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}}}