{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:36:50Z","timestamp":1778009810522,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study addresses the measurement of the globe temperature. For this purpose, two globe thermometers with different diameters (50 and 150 mm) and a variety of thermal environmental conditions were considered. The assessments of the response times and of the influences of the globe diameter and the air velocity on the measured globe temperatures are discussed. The results of the response times clearly put in evidence that the values usually stated in the literature can be questioned and that longer measurement periods must be considered. In fact, response times &gt;30 min were obtained in 68% of the tests performed. Moreover, differences &gt;20\u00baC were obtained between the 150 and 50 mm sensors, highlighting the influence of the globe diameter. The analysis of the effect of the air velocity on the globe temperature shows mean relative differences &gt;30% between tests in still air and with the higher air velocity considered (1.81 m s\u20131). On the basis of measurements carried out with the 50 mm globe, correction equations to the standard globe temperature for both natural and forced convection are proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T10:30:47Z","timestamp":1557138647000},"page":"743-758","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Globe Temperature and Its Measurement: Requirements and Limitations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"A Virg\u00edlio M","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAI, LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Polytechnic\u2014ISEC, Coimbra, Portugal, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAI, LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9lio R","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAI, LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Divo A","family":"Quintela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAI, LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo II, Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.01.026","article-title":"On the measurement of the mean radiant temperature and its influence on the indoor thermal environment assessment","volume":"63","author":"d\u2019Ambrosio Alfano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0002","first-page":"955","article-title":"WBGT index revisited after 60 years of use","volume":"58","author":"d\u2019Ambrosio Alfano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2495\/EHR070131","article-title":"The role of measurement accuracy on the heat stress assessment according to ISO 7333: 2004","volume":"11","author":"d\u2019Ambrosio Alfano","year":"2007","journal-title":"WIT Trans Biomed Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2017-0143","article-title":"Heat stress assessment in artistic glass units","volume":"56","author":"d\u2019Ambrosio Alfano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0005","first-page":"458","article-title":"The globe thermometer in studies of heating and ventilation","volume":"34","author":"Bedford","year":"1934","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2012-0160","article-title":"Empirical approach to outdoor WBGT from meteorological data and performance of two different instrument designs","volume":"51","author":"Bernard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(01)00046-8","article-title":"Assessment of thermal stress\u2014the essentials","volume":"26","author":"Budd","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.07.003","article-title":"Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT)\u2014its history and its limitations","volume":"11","author":"Budd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.44.388","article-title":"Thermal comfort and the heat stress indices","volume":"44","author":"Epstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx034","article-title":"Ability to discriminate between sustainable and unsustainable heat stress exposures-part 1: WBGT exposure limits","volume":"61","author":"Garz\u00f3n-Villalba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-009-0207-6","article-title":"Physical modelling of globe and natural wet bulb temperatures to predict WBGT heat stress index in outdoor environments","volume":"53","author":"Gaspar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889748507003","article-title":"Globe thermometer evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Graves","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0013","volume-title":"Operative temperature measurement and control","author":"Halawa","year":"1994"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889738506808","article-title":"Design requirements and limitations of a single-reading heat stress meter","volume":"34","author":"Hatch","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1959.14.4.649","article-title":"Improvements to the globe thermometer","volume":"14","author":"Hellon","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3735\/1\/9\/424","article-title":"Small globe thermometers","volume":"1","author":"Hey","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Sci Instrum"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0017","first-page":"135","article-title":"The optimum diameter for a globe thermometer for use indoors","volume":"20","author":"Humphreys","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0018","volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment\u2014assessment of heat stress using the WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) index. International Standard","author":"ISO 7243","year":"2017","edition":"3"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0019","volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment\u2014instruments for measuring physical quantities. International Standard","author":"ISO 7726","year":"1998","edition":"2"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0020","volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment\u2014analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. International Standard","author":"ISO 7730","year":"2005","edition":"3"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0021","volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment\u2014analytical determination and interpretation of heat stress using calculation of the predicted heat strain. International Standard","author":"ISO 7933","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0022","volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment\u2014determination and interpretation of cold stress when using required clothing insulation (IREQ) and local cooling effects. International Standard","author":"ISO 11079","year":"2007","edition":"1"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0023","first-page":"191","article-title":"The effect of thermal factors on the measurement of wet bulb globe temperature","volume":"15","author":"Juang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Occup Saf Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0024","volume-title":"The stress of hot environments","author":"Kerslake","year":"1972"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1970.29.5.750","article-title":"Theory of the globe thermometer","volume":"29","author":"Kuehn","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1352","article-title":"Calculating workplace WBGT from meteorological data: a tool for climate change assessment","volume":"50","author":"Lemke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-014-0949-7","article-title":"Wet-bulb globe temperature index estimation using meteorological data from S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"59","author":"Maia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(00)00030-2","article-title":"Development and validation of the predicted heat strain model","volume":"45","author":"Malchaire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0029","volume-title":"Indoor climate","author":"McIntyre","year":"1980"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0030","first-page":"480","article-title":"Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)\u2014to what extent is GT essential?","volume":"70","author":"Moran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0031","unstructured":"Oliveira\n              AVM\n            , GasparAR, QuintelaDA. (2011) Evaluation of heat stress in Portuguese industrial units. ICEE 2011. In KounalakisS, KoskolouM, editors. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, Nafplio, Greece, 10\u201315 July 2011. Short Abstract pp. \n93; Extended Abstract pp. \n325)."},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0032","unstructured":"Oliveira\n              AVM\n            , GasparAR, QuintelaDA. (2014) WBGT heat stress measurements: field and research perspectives in Portugal. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2014, Krak\u00f3w, Poland, 19\u201323 July 2014."},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira\n              AVM\n            , GasparAR, RaimundoAMet al (2015a) \nOn the measurement of globe temperatures: analysis of the influence of different parameters. Extreme Physiology & Medicine; 4 (Suppl. 1): A14 (selected abstract from the ICEE 2015. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, Portsmouth, England, 28 June\u20133 July. doi:10.1186\/2046-7648-4-S1-A14","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-4-S1-A14"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-141938","article-title":"Assessment of thermal environments: working conditions in the Portuguese ceramic industry in 1994 and 2012","volume":"51","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2017-0048","article-title":"Assessment of thermal environments: working conditions in the Portuguese glass industry","volume":"56","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00773-009-0067-0","article-title":"Assessment of work-related risk criteria onboard a ship as an aid to designing its onboard environment","volume":"15","author":"Orosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mar Sci Technol"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.12.030","article-title":"On the management and prevention of heat stress for crews onboard ships","volume":"112","author":"Palella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0038","volume-title":"Human thermal environments\u2014the effects of hot, moderate and cold environments on human health. comfort and performance","author":"Parsons","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.44.368","article-title":"Heat stress standard ISO 7243 and its global application","volume":"44","author":"Parsons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1201\/b16490-92","article-title":"Assessment of the performance of globe thermometers under different environmental conditions","volume-title":"Occupational safety and hygiene II","author":"Quintela","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1684517","article-title":"An environmental mean radiation temperature meter","volume":"41","author":"Strong","year":"1970","journal-title":"Rev of Sci Inst"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0042","first-page":"95","article-title":"The measurement of radiant temperature in relation to human comfort","volume":"14","author":"Vernon","year":"1932","journal-title":"J Ind Hyg"},{"key":"2019080801144716200_CIT0043","first-page":"302","article-title":"Control of heat casualties at military training centers","volume":"16","author":"Yaglou","year":"1957","journal-title":"AMA Arch Ind Health"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxz042\/28842196\/wxz042.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/63\/7\/743\/29108324\/wxz042.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T01:15:07Z","timestamp":1565226907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/63\/7\/743\/5520571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxz042","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]}}}